发布时间 : 星期三 文章2016届苏锡常镇高三英语二模试卷 - 图文更新完毕开始阅读
which is convenient but only for as long as you don’t venture (冒险) outside their universe. Being locked in to a provider is risky. Firms can start to tighten the screws by increasing prices. If a cloud provider goes bust (崩溃), its customers may have trouble getting back their data.
These risks have already caused a debate about whether the cloud needs stricter regulation. Some European politicians want to force cloud providers to ensure that data can be moved between them. That is too heavy-handed, because strict rules will inhibit (阻碍) innovation in what is still a young industry. The history of computing suggests that common standards may well appear naturally in response to customers’ demands—just as in personal computers, where it is now much easier to use the same files on different systems. In the meantime, a few commonsense measures can reduce the risk of lock-in. Firms that use more than one cloud provider to host their data are less affected. So are those that keep their most important information in their own data centres. Consumers can take precautions, too. Some services are better than others at enabling users to move data between providers (Google does well on this score). Cloud computing promises its users many benefits, but don’t mistake it for some sort of digital heaven.
58. The author takes “the merger between Dell and EMC” for example to show ________. A. the influence of cloud computing on computer and storage device makers
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B. the miserable sufferings of old computer companies
C. the rapid development of new computer companies
D. the interaction between old companies and newcomers
59. With wide applications of cloud computing customers can ________.
A. pay less for the older IT systems B. gain more computing capacity quickly
C. know better about defeating the hackers D. install software within weeks
60. The problem of “lock-in” can be dangerous because ________.
A. it should ensure data can easily be moved to another provider
B. it can create a network of services connected with devices
C. it may make it difficult for customers to recover their data
D. it will discourage an argument about stricter rules
61. It can be inferred from the last two paragraphs that ________.
A. the European politicians’ advice is perfect
B. customers’ demands play a role in setting standards
C. lock-in is caused by firms’ storing information in their own centres
D. Google enables users to provide services and move data
62. Which of the following sayings can best express the main idea of the passage?
A. Everything has its time and that time must be watched.
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B.
The grass looks greener on the other side of the fence.
C. A candle lights others and consumes itself.
D. Every white has its black, and every sweet has its sour.
C
Scientists have exactly discovered the set of brain cells involved in making risky decisions, and have been able to control them in rats using targeted light. By changing the activity of the cells they were able to change the behaviour of risk-taking rats to avoid risk, hinting the approach could in future be used to treat people with impulse (冲动) control problems.
Risk-taking is a key part of survival, knowing when to take a chance could pay off—such as moving to a new area to look for food when pickings are slim.
While all animals need an element of risk, the preference towards it varies between individuals. Researchers found this variation, which determines how risk-averse an individual is, is regulated by brain cells in a region of the brain called the nucleus accumbens. This cluster of neurons releases the neurotransmitter dopamine, which regulates the brain’s reward and pleasure centres.
Previous studies have shown that in patients with Parkinson’s disease, taking medication which blocks specific dopamine receptors (DR2) (受体) leads to increased gambling (赌博) behaviour and risk taking behaviour. In studies with rats, researchers were able to use a technique called optogenetics (光遗传学)—
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which uses light sensitive proteins to change the activity of cells—to modify cells with DR2 in the nucleus accumbens.
Rats were trained to choose one of two levers, offering them a choice between a “safe” or “risky” choice. The safe option resulted in a small, but consistent amount of a sugar water treat. But the risky choice consistently delivered smaller amounts of sugar water, with the occasional large pay off—essentially encouraging the animals to gamble for a bigger prize. Around two-thirds of the animals weren’t keen on risk, opting for the safe option, but the remaining third were risk-seekers. Brain scans of the animals showed that those with low levels of DR2 consistently went for the gamble.
But using pulses of light to stimulate (刺激) the DR2 cells and improve their activity could cause the risk-takers to play it safe and opt for the guaranteed but less rewarding option. Once the light-pulses stopped, the risk-takers returned to their gambling strategy.
In the risk-averse animals, stimulating the same cells had little to no effect. Professor Karl Deisseroth, of Stanford University in California, said: “Humans and rats have similar brain structures involved.”And we found a drug known to increase risk preference in people had the same effect on the rats. So every indication is that these findings are relevant to humans. “Risky behavior has its moments where it’s valuable. As a species, we wouldn’t have come as far as we have without it.”
63. The variation in people’s preference
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