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7） 由and, or和than连接的两个不定式，第二个to 可以省去：
8） 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think等词后作宾补时，可以省去to be。例如：
He is supposed （to be） nice. 他应该是个好人。 9.动词不定式的否定式
在不定式标志to前加上not。例如：
Tell him not to shut the window。让他别关窗。
She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走过的时候，她假装没看见。 10.不定式的特殊句型too…to…
1）too…to 太…以至于…。例如：
He is too excited to speak. 他太激动了，说不出话来。 ---- Can I help you ? 需要我帮忙吗?
---- Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same. 不用了。这箱子太重，恐怕你搬不动。谢谢。
2） 如在too前有否定词，则整个句子用否定词表达肯定，too 后那个词表达一种委婉含义，意 为\不太\。例如： It's never too late to mend. 改过不嫌晚。（谚语）
3） 当too 前面有only, all, but时，意思是：非常… 等于very。例如： I'm only too pleased to be able to help you. 能帮助你我非常高兴。 He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。 11. 不定式的特殊句型so as to
1） 表示目的；它的否定式是so as not to do。例如：
Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作。
Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.轻点进去，别惊醒了婴儿。 2） 表示结果。例如：
Would you be so kind as to tell me the time? 劳驾，现在几点了。 12. 不定式的特殊句型Why not
\动词原形\表达向某人提出建议，翻译为：\为什么不……?\干吗不……?\。例如： Why not take a holiday? 干吗不去度假? 13.不定式的时态和语态
1） 一般式表示的动词，有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后，例如 He seems to know this. 他似乎知道这事。
I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again. 我希望再见到你。 2） 完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。例如：
I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble. 很抱歉，给你添了那么多的麻烦。 He seems to have caught a cold. 他好像已经得了感冒。
3） 进行式表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。例如： He seems to be eating something. 他好像正在吃什么东西。 4） 完成进行式表示动作从过去开始并延续至说话的时候。例如：
She is known to have been working on the problem for many years. 我们知道她研究这问题有好几年了。 14. 动名词与不定式
1）动名词与不定式的区别：
动名词表达的是： 状态，性质，心境，抽象，经常性，已发生的 不定式表达的是： 目的，结果，原因，具体，一次性，将发生的 2）有些动词如continue接不定式或动名词作宾语，意义基本相同。
3）有些动词如continue接不定式或动名词作宾语，意义大相径庭。常见的，下一节有专门讨论
第八章 分词
一.概念:
分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种,是一种非谓语动词形式
二.相关知识点精讲:
1.现在分词的用法： 1) 做表语：
He was very amusing.
That book was rather boring.
很多动词的现在分词都可以作表语：
exciting, interesting, encouraging, disappointing, confusing, touching, puzzling. 2) 作定语：
上面所出现的现在分词都可以用作定语, 修饰一个名词： That must have been a terrifying experience. I found him a charming person.
现在分词短语还可以放在名词的后面修饰名词, 相当于一个定语从句： There are a few boys swimming in the river. There is a car waiting outside. 3) 作状语：
现在分词短语可以表示一个同时发生的次要的或伴随的动作： Following Tom, we started to climb the mountain. Opening the drawer, he took out a box.
Taking a key out of his pocket, he opened the door. 现在分词短语还可以表示原因, 相当于一个原因状语从句：
Not knowing her address, we couldn’t get in touch with her. Being unemployed, he hasn’t got much money.
现在分词短语还可以表示时间, 相当于一个时间状语从句： Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy. Returning home, he began to do his homework. Jim hurt his arm while playing tennis. Be careful when crossing the road.
Having found a hotel, we looked for somewhere to have dinner. Having finished her work, she went home. 4)作宾补：
现在分词在一些动词之后可以做宾语的补语：
例如, see, hear, catch, find, keep , have 等. I see him passing my house every day.
I caught him stealing things in that shop. I smelt something burning.
She kept him working all day. 2.过去分词的用法： 1) 作表语：
We were so bored that we couldn’t help yawning. She felt confused, and even frightened. They were very pleased with the girl. I’m satisfied with your answer.
He is not interested in research. 2) 作定语：
She has a pleased look on her face. The teacher gave us a satisfied smile. cooked food a written report fried eggs boiled water frozen food armed forces required courses fallen leaves finished products a forced smile
the risen sun new arrived visitors What’s the language spoken in that country? They’re problem left over by history.
The play put on by the teachers was a big success. Is there anybody injured?
Do you know the number of books ordered? 3)作状语：
Seen from the hill, the city looks magnificent.
Given good health, I hope to finish the work this year. They came in, followed by some children. Depressed, he went to see his elder sister.
When treated with kindness, he was very amiable. 4)作宾补：
过去分词也同样可以作宾语的补语， 接在某些动词后面 I will have the clothes washed tomorrow.
When they get back home, they found the room robbed.
三.巩固练习
1. __________ with the best students, I still have a long way to go. A. Having compared B. To compare C. Compared D. Compare
（ ） 2. The music of the film _________ by him sounds so ___________ . A. playing, exciting B. played, excited C. playing, excited D. played, exciting
（ ） 3. __________ against the coming hurricane, they dared not leave home. A. Warned B. Having warned C. To warn D. Warn
（ ） 4. In __________ countries, you can’t always make yourself _______ by speaking English. A. English-speaking, understand B. English-spoken, understand C. English-speaking, understood D. English-speaking, understood
（ ）5. After _____________ the old man, the doctor suggested that he ___________ a bad cold. A. examining, should catch B. examined, had caught C. examining, had caught D. examined, catch
（ ） 6. _____________ , Tom jumped into the river and had a good time in it. A. Be a good swimmer B. Being a good swimmer C. Having been good swimmer D. To be a good swimmer
（ ） 7. ________ how to read the new words, I often look them up in the dictionary. A. Having not known B. Not to know
C. Don’t know D. Not knowing
（ ） 8. As his parent, you shouldn’t have your child ___________ such a book. A. read B. to read C. reading D. be reading
（ ） 9. He returned from abroad ______________ that his mother had been badly ill. A. heard B. having been heard C. having phoned D. having been phoned
四.答案:
1. C 2. D 3. A 4. C 5. C 6. B 7. D 8. C 9. D