发布时间 : 星期二 文章Intercultural communication skills更新完毕开始阅读
that other person is a close family member. For example, if one Westerner commits a crime, other family members and friends would not necessarily feel they had any responsibility for that person's actions. Likewise, if one person in a family becomes very successful, others in the family would not necessarily expect to benefit from that person's success. In contrast, people in collectivist cultures tend to feel more that they are representatives of their groups, and to accept more responsibility for what other members of their groups do.
4) A final difference lies in the way people in different cultures view the idea of \westerners tend to view individualism as a good thing . In English, the word \has no negative
connotation;
in
fact,
its
connotation is somewhat positive. In contrast,
the
Chinese
term
for \\zhuyi, often has a somewhat negative connotation, and is sometimes used as a synonym for \
Before concluding, there are two more very important things we need to note about this difference between
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其他家庭成员也不会期望从他的成功中获利。相对比，集体主义文化中，人们倾向于认为他们是集体的代表，接受因集体其他成员的所为所要承担的责任。
4）最后一个不同在于不同文化的人们对个人主义的看法不同。西方人倾向于把它看成好的事情。英语单词“individualism”没有消极意义；事实上，它的含义很积极。相对比，中文术语“个人主义”通常包含消极含义，经常被用作自私的同义词。
下结论前,有关个人主义与集体主义文化的不同，我们还得注意两件重要的事。
individualist and collectivist cultures:
1) First, saying that Western culture is individualist does not mean that all Westerners are always individualist. Rather, it means that Westerners are more likely to think and act in individualist ways than people in collectivist cultures are. The difference between individualist and collectivist cultures is a relative one, not an absolute one.
2) Second, not all Western countries are equally individualist -some Western countries tend to be more individualist than others. For example, the cultures of England and the United States are generally
considered
to
be
more
individualist than the cultures of the Scandinavian countries l likewise, while the cultures of East Asia all tend to be more or less collectivist, they also differ from each other in many important ways. However, it is safe to generalize that Western cultures tend to be more individualist than the culture of China (and of other Asian countries). This difference between individualism and collectivism affects many aspects of Western and Chinese culture, and we will see other examples of it later in this book. 14
1)我们说西方文化是个人主义文化并不意味着所有西方人都总是个人主义者。而意味着与集体主义文化下的人们相对比，西方人更有可能以个人主义方式思考问题和办事情。个人主义与集体主义文化的差异是相对的，而非绝对的。
2）西方国家的个人主义程度也不尽相同,一些国家比其他国家更个人主义一些。比如，人们通常认为英国和美国文化比斯堪的纳维亚国家的文化更个人主义一些。同样，虽然东亚国家文化都或多或少地倾向于集体主义，它们在很多重要方面又有所不同。然而，说西方文化比中国及其他一些亚洲国家文化更个人主义些是不会错的。这种个人主义和集体主义间的差异影响了中西方文化的很多方面，接下来，本书中还有很多例子。
Unit 2
第二单元
Encounter : The Gift
\is a student in China who has
just been
granted a special
scholarship to study at a university in the West. His English teacher, Ms.Kelsen, wrote a recommendation letter that was instrumental
in
his
getting
the
scholarship. Frank feels very grateful to Ms.Kelsen, so he decides to buy her an expensive gift, a landscape painting, as a way of thanking her.
One day after class has ended the other students have left, Frank presents the gift to Ms.Kelsen. Looking surprised, Ms.Kelsen says thank you, but says that she can't accept his gift. Frank offers the gift several more times but Ms.Kelsen insists on refusing.
Intercultural Communication
Reading:
Interpreting What Foreigners Mean A
very important aspect of
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事件：礼物
弗兰克是中国学生，刚被授予某项奖学金去西方某大学学习。他的英语老师，凯瑟女士写了封推荐信，这对他拿到奖学金帮助很大。弗兰克对凯瑟女士心存感激，决定送件贵重的礼物，一幅风景画给凯瑟女士，以表感激。 一天，下课后，其他同学都离开了，弗兰克把礼物呈现在凯瑟女士面前，凯瑟女士很惊讶地说谢谢，但不能接受礼物。弗兰克又几次呈送礼物，但凯瑟女士坚持拒收。
跨文化交际阅读： 领会外国人的意思 跨文化交际的一个重要方面是
intercultural communication is “领会”，即思考外国人的语言行为的意思的过程及他们为什么要那样做。比如，当弗兰克努力想象为什么凯瑟女士会拒绝他的礼物时，他就是在领会她的行为。
\the process of deciding what foreigners' words and actions means and why they do what they do. For example, when Frank tries to understand why Ms.Kelsen refused his gift, he is \
Interpretation is a part of all communication-including communication between people from the same culture. Imagine a Western friend greeting you by saying \are you?\ Even though her question seems very simple and easy to understand, you still need to interpret what she means:
Perhaps \are you?\is just a polite
greeting,
the
same
as \
Or perhaps she really wants to know how you are (and expects you to stop and chat with her).
Or perhaps her question means she is worried about your health (maybe because she has heard that you were sick).
In and of themselves , the words \you ?\the meaning of your friend 's message , so you need to use other evidence - the
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领会是所有交流，包括与来自同一文化的人交流的一部分。想象下，一西方朋友给你打招呼说“你好吗？”即使她的问题很简单也很容易回答，你仍需要领会她的意思。
也许，“你好吗？”是跟你“好”一样的礼貌问候。
也许她真的想知道你最近怎（希望你停下来与她交谈）。
也许她的问题意味着她很关心你的健康（也许是因为她听说你生病了）。 “你好吗？”这一句子中和句子本身仅包含你朋友想要传达信息的部分意思，因此你需要用到其它证据即当时环境，她脸上表情，她声音的