发布时间 : 星期日 文章TPO48 阅读文本答案翻译更新完毕开始阅读
参考答案：1-5.C B D A D 6-10.A D C C A 11-13.D B A 14.ADE
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参考译文：中国的人口增长
人口增长通常伴随着（事实上促进了）贸易的增加。按照西方的经验，商业为工业化的开始提供了条件，而工业化反过来又导致了科学、技术、工业、交通运输、通信进步和社会变化等等，我们把这些统称为“发展”。但是，十八世纪开始的工业化带来了欧洲的人口大幅增长；同时间中国的人口也暴涨，尽管中国没有经历类似的工业化。
据估计，到1600年中国的人口已经接近1亿5000万。明清之交（十七世纪）人口数量可能有所减少，但从1741年到1851年，人口数量每年都稳步上升，从1亿4300万涨到了4亿3200万，相当惊人。如果我们认为这些合计数字没问题，我们将面临这样一个情形：从1790年到1840年，中国人口在这50年间翻了一番。如果谨慎一些，我们假设在18世纪初总人数要少一些，到1850年也只有4亿的话，事实依然让人吃惊：在与西方接触、对外贸易和工业化之前，中国庞大的人口数量翻倍本应产生很大的影响。
要解释这种突然的人口增加，我们不能指向中国社会的一些一直不变的因素，而是必须找到当时新出现的一系列条件或诸多组成因素。其中包括十八世纪的中国处于满族统治下，国内几乎完全和平。广州（华南）的对外贸易也有所增加，国家内部的交通也有所改善。还有一个重要因素是疾病的控制，如通过人痘接种来克制天花。但这当中最重要的还是食品供应。
面对大量的不可靠的数据，经济学家将1368年以来的6个世纪的人口统计记录与耕地面积和粮食生产总量的综合数据进行了比较。经济学家德怀特·帕金斯得出结论，假设在1400年中国的人口是8000万左右，由于粮食产量稳步增长，到20世纪60年代人口是有可能增长到7亿人的，明显地从1400年到1800年增长了5到6倍，从1800年到1965年又增长了50%。粮食供应的增加可能一半是由于耕地面积的增加，特别移民并定居到中西部省份带来的耕地面积增加；另一半是由于生产力的提高——农民成功提高了每单位土地面积的粮食产量。
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技术进步有许多形式：一个是不断从南方引进早熟的水稻品种，这种水稻可以一年两熟（一块地每年收获两季）。新作物如玉米、红薯、花生和烟草从美洲传进来。拿玉米来说，可以在干燥的土壤和华北边缘的山地种植，可用作食品、燃料、饲料，提供了当地七分之一的食物能量。红薯可以在沙质土壤中种植，由于每单位土地面积提供的食物能量比其他作物都多，所以成为了华南水稻种植地区穷人们的主要食品。
资本的投入也提高了农业生产力。首先是灌溉方面，从1400年到1900年，总灌溉土地似乎增加了近三倍。农用工具、役畜和肥料方面都有进步，更不用说人口本身也有增长，增速是耕地面积增速的一半，因此增加了人均可用土地面积的比例。这种更加密集的农业生产为增长的人口提供食物，而人口为土地提供更多的劳动力和肥料。
Determining Dinosaur Diet
Determining what extinct dinosaurs ate is difficult, but we can infer some aspects of their dietary preferences. Traditionally, this information has been derived from direct evidence, such as stomach contents, and indirect evidence, such as establishing a correlation between particular body characteristics and diets of living animals and then inferring habits for dinosaurs.
Animals such as house cats and dogs have large, stabbing canine teeth at the front of the mouth and smaller, equally sharp teeth farther back in their jaws. Many of these animals are also armed with sharp claws. The advantage of teeth and claws as predatory tools is obvious. Now consider animals like cows, horses, rabbits, and mice. These animals have flat teeth at the back of the jaw that are analogous to and have the same function as grindstones. Unlike the meat-slicing and stabbing teeth of carnivores, the teeth of these animals grind and shred plant material before digestion.
Too many words you don’t know? Look them up in《新托福TPO阅读词汇速查速记》! Wechat: geeqi0805 More clues exist in other parts of the skull. The jaw joint of carnivores such as dogs and cats has the mechanical advantage of being at the same level as the tooth row, allowing the jaws to close with tremendous speed and forcing the upper teeth to occlude against the lower teeth with great precision. In herbivorous animals, rapid jaw closure is less important. Because the flat teeth of herbivores work like grindstones, however, the jaws mush move both side to side and front to back. The jaw joints of many advanced herbivores, such as cows, lie at a different level than the tooth row, allowing transverse tearing, shredding, and compression of plant material. ■If we
extend such observations to extinct dinosaurs, we can infer dietary preferences (such as carnivory and herbivory), even though we cannot determine the exact diet. ■The duck-billed dinosaurs
known as hadrosaurs are a good example of a group whose jaw joint is below the level of the tooth row, which probably helped them grind up tough, fibrous vegetation.
■Paleontologists would like to be much more specific about a dinosaur's diet than simply differentiating carnivore from herbivore. ■This finer level of resolution requires direct fossil evidence of dinosaur meals. Stomach contents are only rarely preserved, but when present, allow us to determine exactly what these animals were eating.
In the stomach contents of specimens of Coelophysis (a small, long-necked dinosaur) are bones from juvenile animals of the same species. At one time, these were thought to represent embryonic animals, suggesting that this small dinosaur gave birth to live young rather than laying eggs. Further research indicated that the small dinosaurs were too large and too well developed to be prehatchling young. In addition, the juveniles inside the body cavity were of different sizes. All the evidence points to the conclusion that these are the remains of prey items and that, as an adult, Coelophysis was at least in part a cannibal.
Fossilized stomach contents are not restricted to carnivorous dinosaurs. In a few rare cases, most of them “mummies” (unusually well preserved specimens), fossilized plant remains have been found inside the body cavity of hadrosaurs. Some paleontologists have argued that these
represent stream accumulations rather than final meals. The best known of these cases is the second Edmontosaurus mummy collected by the Sternbergs. In the chest cavity of this specimen, which is housed in the Senckenberg Museum in Germany, are the fossil remains of conifer needles, twigs, seeds, and fruits. Similar finds in Corythosaurus specimens from Alberta, Canada, have also been reported, indicating that at least two kinds of Late Cretaceous hadrosaurs fed on the sorts of tress that are common in today's boreal woodlands.
A second form of direct evidence comes from coprolites (fossilized bodily waste). Several dinosaur fossil localities preserve coprolites. Coprolites yield unequivocal evidence about the dietary habits of dinosaurs. Many parts of plants and animals are extremely resistant to the digestive systems of animals and pass completely through the body with little or no alteration. Study of coprolites has indicated that the diets of some herbivorous dinosaurs were relatively diverse, while other dinosaurs appear to have been specialists, feeding on particular types of plants. The problem with inferring diets from coprolites is the difficulty in accurately associating a particular coprolite with a specific dinosaur.
1. The word “Traditionally” in the passage is closest in meaning to A. typically B. naturally C. originally D. partly
2. According to paragraph 2, which of the following is true of the teeth of carnivores? A Carnivores' teeth for grinding and shredding are located in the front of their jaws. B Carnivore teeth are designed to break down food thoroughly before digestion. C Carnivores have teeth at the back of their jaws that are as sharp as their front teeth. D Carnivores have both sharp teeth for slicing meat and flat teeth for grinding meat.
3. In paragraph 2, the author compares the teeth of cows, horses, rabbits, and mice to grindstones in order to explain
A. how certain kinds of teeth aid digestion
B. how the teeth of some familiar mammals differ from those of dinosaurs C. why the back teeth of herbivores are larger than those of carnivores D. why the back teeth of carnivores are just as sharp as their front teeth
4. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. The advantage of bringing the upper teeth directly against the lower teeth is a more precise bite.
B. Animals whose jaw joint is at the same level as their teeth can bite quickly and accurately. C. The location of an animal's jaw joint in respect to its teeth determines the speed at which it can close its jaws.
D. The carnivore jaw has the advantage of allowing the upper teeth to move with greater speed and precision than the lower teeth do.