英语语言学lecture one

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Lecture 1

Teaching contents: help students realize the importance of this course, stimulate their interests

towards linguistics and take a correct attitude Introduce the requirements and teaching method Introduce the essences of various linguistic views

Teaching steps:

Step 1. Recognition of this course

Q1. What have you known about linguistics? That is to say, in your opinion, what is

linguistics?

Study languages in levels of phoneme, morpheme, lexis, sentence, discourse, etc.

Linguistics is usually defined as the science of language or, alternatively, as the scientific study of language.

Q2. Why should we learn or teach linguistics? or What is relationship between linguistics

and language learning?

Not interesting, boring, abstract, unpractical, useless, valueless

As an individual, We study linguistics under different impulses. Some maybe want to prepare for the entrance examination of postgraduate so that they have strong impulses to know more. Some may want to be excellent and qualified teachers in the future and has very simple reason of improving the efficiency and proficiency of learning English by means of knowledge of linguistics to guide them in all the activities of teaching. Some may have mastering the essences of languages. Or some think that this course should be helpful and useful and treat it seriously because it is one of course in the teaching syllabus/curriculum. If it was useless, it would have been deleted from the syllabus.

*List those vivid typical examples in linguistics to persuade students to draw a conclusion that we could benefit a lot from learning this course.

Many phenomena in our lives are the objects of study of linguistics. For example,

1. why do men and women express their love in quite different ways? 即便同为一国人,说话也仍有许多名堂。比如男女之间谈情说爱,说法就不一样。男人多半会说“我爱你”,女人则喜欢说“我恨你”;男人多半会说“你真好”,女人则喜欢说“你真坏”。( by 易中天)

The answer can be found in varieties of language-----social dialect 同一种语言由于说话人社会地位social status、职业profession、年龄age、性别gender的不同而表现出一定的差异;同一个人在不同的交际场合different occasions讲话时使用的语言也有所不同,这就形成了一种语言的不同社会变体,语言学中称为社会方言。我们平常所说的“一口学生腔”“满口生意经”、“打官腔”、以及scientific English, press English 等都属于职业变体之列。

2. humors can be interpreted by theories of linguistics------(conscious or unconscious)violation of cooperative principle(CP)

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The Cooperative Principle and its maxims: The maxim of quality (try to make your contribution one that is true) cheat,

The maxim of quantity (make your contribution as informative as is required for the current purpose of the exchange) redundant or scanty The maxim of relevance ( make your contribution relevant)

The maxim of manner (be perspicuous and specifically)

A.量的准则(Maxim of Quantity):尽量提供对方所需信息 ,不提供冗余信息。 B.质的准则 (Maxim of Quality) :只讲真实的话。

C.关系准则 (Maxim of Relation) :所讲的话要彼此相关。 D.方式准则 (Maxim of Manner) :讲话要简练、清楚、有条理。

Conversation between two men

“I understand you had an argument with your wife. How did it end up?” “Oh, she came crawling to me on her hands and knees.” “Is that so? What did she say?”

“She said, ?come out from under the bed and fight like a man!?”

起初 ,当被朋友问到和妻子打架的结果时 ,这个丈夫提供了一小部分信息 ,说他的妻子四肢着地向他爬过来。为了掩盖他懦弱的表现 ,他故意没有提到自己藏在床下的事实。听到这里 ,他的朋友还以为是他的妻子屈服、认输了。最后直到丈夫转述妻子的话的时候 ,朋友才恍然大悟 ,原来他妻子爬向他 ,是要把他从床下拖出来。forgive

Mother: “Doctor, come at once! Our baby swallowed a fountain pen!” incident Doctor: “I?ll be right over. What are you doing in the meantime?” Mother: “Using a pencil.” irrelevant

当医生问及母亲正在对婴儿采取什么急救措施时 ,母亲竟然出乎常理的回答在使用铅笔 ,这样的回答曲解了医生的问题 ,给出了一个毫不相关的答案.违反常理和正常逻辑的回答没有把交谈中心依然聚焦在出现危险的孩子身上 ,反而是焦点之外的自来水笔和铅笔。正是这种似乎风马牛不相及的回答 ,使这则对话充满了幽默的色彩。

3. regional dialect

语言的地域变体差异可以表现在语言系统的各个方面,主要是在语音sound、词音lexic和词义lexical meaning上。在一个国家或民族内部ethnic group,语言的地域变体统称方言,有别于社会方言。汉语方言大致可分为北方方言、吴方言、湘方言、赣方言、闽方言、粤方言、客家方言七大类。英国英语和美国英语之间的差异是英语的不同地域差异,但语言学中通常不把它们叫做方言。

标准语是和方言相对的概念。在一个国家或民族的范围内,由于方言分歧,为了满足说不同翻译的人彼此之间的交际,在一种方言的基础上形成了标准语(通用语,共同语)。究竟哪一种方言成为标准语的基础,这取决语社会的政治、经济、文化各方面的条件。政治经济因素发挥着强有力的作用。汉语的标准语是以北方方言为基础方言,现代英语标准语是建立在伦敦方言的基础上的;现代法语标准语是建立在巴黎方言的基础上;日语的标准语是建立在东京方言的基础上的。

难怪俗谚有云:“天不怕,地不怕,就怕广东人说官话。”广东人Canto^nese说

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官话standard dialect/mandarin确实比较困难,他们的舌头打不了弯curve。投资是“投机”,虾饺是“瞎搞”,“坐在船头看郊区,越看越美丽”,让北方人一听,就是“坐在床头看娇妻,越看越美丽”。

^Mandarin: The official national standard spoken language of China, which is based on the principal dialect spoken in and around Beijing.Also called Guoyo, Putonghua 一个闽侯

人在朗读《愚公移山》时,因为实在改不过腔来,便把那段名言“我死了还有子,子死了还有孙,子子孙孙是没有穷尽的”,念成了“我死了还有煮,煮死了还有酸,煮煮酸酸是没有穷尽的”。

南方方言就复杂得多,和北方方言相比也隔膜得多。比如一个南方学校的校长宣布:“教职工开会,家属也参加。”在北方人听来,便可能是“叫鸡公开会,家畜也参加”。光是听不懂倒也罢了,有些南方话,就连写出来也是看不懂的。比如“伲拨俚吓仔一跳”,“佢分一本书”,“我畀狗咬咗”,“汝店遮看会着”,你懂吗?其实它们分别是苏

州话“我被他吓了一跳”,客家话“他给我一本书”,广州话“我被狗咬了”和闽南话“你看得见吗”。这种说法,不要说北方人不懂,南方其他地方人,也未必懂。

就算是用同一个词,也未必听得懂。“有”是“乌”,“无”是“馍”,到底是有还是没有?再说也不是所有的南方人都把“没有”叫“馍”,也有叫“猫”的。他们也常常分不清l和n这两个声母,an和ang这两个韵母。结果,在他们嘴里,男子变成了“狼子”,女子变成了“驴子”。闽南人更好玩,干脆把人统统叫做“狼”,整一个“与狼共舞”。

4. lexical change

Invention, compounding, blending, borrowing

小巴和中巴都是面包车。面包车其实是旅行车,只因为外形像只长方形的面包,便被叫做面包车。面包车如果用来做公共汽车,当然得叫 “巴”。如果用来做出租车,就不能叫“巴”了,只能叫“的”,北京人管它叫“面的”,昵称“小面”。北京人喜欢“小面”,因为便宜,十块钱起步,能跑十公里,超过起步价每公里也只要一块钱,坐的人还多。不过现在北京已经没有“小面”了,再过若干年,人们将不知“面的”为何物。

北京人的另一项发明是“板的”。“板的”其实就是平板三轮车,拉这车的则叫“板儿爷”。北京人爱用“爷”这个字,因此有钱的叫“款爷”,能说的叫“侃爷”,拉板车的当然就是“板儿爷”了。其实板儿爷并不是什么“爷”,正如“网虫”并不是什么“虫”。网虫就是迷恋因特网的人。北京人管着迷的人叫“虫”(比如“书虫”)。整天想着上网,一上去就不肯下来的当然是“网虫”。于是,一个外来的“网络”加一个本地的“虫”,就构成了“网虫”。这就像一个外来的“的士”加一个本地的“板车”就构成了“板的”一样,都是北京人创造的当代方言。

除了胡麻、胡葱、胡桃、胡豆、胡椒、胡萝卜,还有胡食(抓饭)、胡饼(烧饼)、胡茄、胡琴、胡箜篌(也是一种乐器)。还有一些东西,虽然并不叫胡什么,也是从西域来的,比如苜蓿、葡萄、石榴、琥珀、狮子。

更重要的是,在中原华夏之人看来,胡人(也包括所有的“蛮夷”)不懂礼仪,不讲道

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理,不守规矩,喜欢“胡来”。胡来也就是任意乱来。之所以叫“胡来”,就因为胡人喜欢乱来(比如五胡乱华什么的),也叫“胡乱”。所以胡来便是“像胡人一样乱来”,胡说便是“像胡人一样乱说”,胡思乱想则是“像胡人一样思维混乱”。此外,胡扯、胡闹、胡言乱语、胡搅蛮缠、胡说八道、胡作非为,意思和来历都差不多。胡,不是和扯、闹相联系,便是和蛮、非相对应,反正没什么好词。至于把神志不清时说的话称为“胡话”(胡人说的话),则鄙夷之情disrespect更是跃然纸上。

Keys: Lu Runqing(刘润清)?s opinions and the brief introduction of this scholar and his achievements

刘润清,1939年生于河北省,1965年毕业于北京外国语学院(现为北京外国语大学)英语系,毕业后留校任教。1979――1980年在本系读研究生,师从许国璋、王佐良等先生,1980年获硕士学位,后继续留校任教。1984-1986年赴英国兰开斯特大学进修两年,师从著名语言学家G. Leech 等,专攻语用学,获得学位后继续在北外任教。1992年转到北外外国语言学研究所工作,曾任所长。现任教授、博士生导师,并兼任全国英语自学考试英语专业委员会秘书长等多项社会职务。有学术专著《语言学入门》、《新编语言学教程》、《论大学英语教学》、《西方语言学流派》等多种,发表论文70余篇,并为国务院学位办撰写了《同等学历人员申请硕士学位英语水平全国统一考试大纲》,主编了《当代研究生英语》等。

他关于外语教学的其中一条就涉及到语言学

“外语教师最好懂一点普通语言学和应用语言学理论。我认为,教外语的人懂一点普通语言学一定有好处,而懂一点应用语言学几乎是必须的。普通语言学告诉我们语言的性质(nature of language),让我们知道我们去教什么。对what do you teach when you teach a foreign language?这个问题,可能并非所有老师都能回答清楚。有人可能会说,语言有三大要素:语音、词汇和语法。教一门语言,就是要教这三大 要素。这种回答把问题简单化了,未免失之于肤浅。记得曾经有人说过,学一门外语要换一个舌头,换一个头脑,换一种思维方式,换一种文化模式。这说明,学一门外语时大脑要发生许多变化,人的社会文化意识和价值观也要随之而变。历代的语言学家对语言都有深刻的观察,这些观察都是普通人所想不到的。读他们的书,你的头脑会复杂起来,再不会想当然的认为语言不过是由三种要素构成而已。外语教师读一点普通语言学、心理语言学、社会语言学、语用学、文体学等方面的书,会加深自己对语言本质的认识。

The relationship between linguistics, applied linguistics and language learning:

Linguistics is the scientific study of language. And language learning is conducted on languages. Linguistics studies the nature of languages, which facilitates learners to recognize and master target languages. So they have close relation.

With the development of linguistics, at various stages, its outcomes of every important transform or change result in the occurrence of new methodology in language teaching.

Meanwhile, we should make clear in our mind that linguistics can not exert direct influence into language learning and teaching. There is gap between them. Exactly speaking, the intermediary between them is applied linguistics. One of branches in applied linguistics is direct and special study of language learning and teaching. Other branches in applied linguistics include the study of translation by computer, of curing the disease of alogia/ aphemia(失语症) , etc.

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