发布时间 : 星期六 文章新编简明英语语言学教程1-6章期末复习资料 - 图文更新完毕开始阅读
二、知识点
1.syntax这个单词源于Greek,本义是arrangement.
2.我们把syntax的学习看作 a system of rules that govern the formation of grammatical sentence.
3.A major goal of linguistics is to show with a consistent and explicit grammatical theory how syntactic rules account for this grammatical knowledge.
4.判断题：the syntactic rules of any language are finite in number ,and yet there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.
5.判断题:A finite verb, informally called the main verb of a sentence, expresses existence, action or occurrence which is limited by person, number, tense and mood.
一个限定动词被非正式称为句中主要动词，表达了人称、数、时态、语气限定的存在、行动或事件。 三、问答题
1.Use the appropriate phrase structure rules to draw a labeled constituent structure tree diagram for each of the following sentences.
⑴the tower on the hill collapsed in the wind ⑵Mary promised John to see the doctor.
Chapter 5 Semantics
一、定义
Semantics: the study of meaning from the linguistic point of view （对意义的研究）
7.同义词Synonymy
It refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning or we can say that words are close in meaning are called synonyms. 8.多义词Polysemy
It refers to different words may have the same or similar meaning, the same one word may have more than one meaning. 9.同音(形)异义Homonymy
It refers to the phenomenon that words have different meanings have the same form, i.e, different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. 12.上下义关系Hyponymy
It refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. the word which is more general in meaning is called superordinate, and the more specific words are called its hyponyms. 13.反义词Antonymy
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It’s the term used for oppositeness of meaning on different dimension. 16.先设前提Presupposition
It’s a semantic relationship or logical connection. A presupposes B. 17.蕴涵Entailment
Entailment can be illustrated by the following tow sentences in which sentence A entails sentence B.
A: Mark married a blonde heiress. B: Mark married a blonde. 二、知识点
13.句子间的意义关系sense relation between sentences X is synonymous with Y. 互为同义、同对错 X entails Y. 包含关系-X包含Y
X presupposes Y. 假设、推测 由X推测出Y X is a contradiction. 矛盾句
X is semantically anomalous. 不等逻辑、错误逻辑
Sense relations between sentences 1) X is synonymous with Y.
X: He was a bachelor all his life. Y: He never got married all his life. X: The boy killed the cat. Y: The cat was killed by the boy. If X is true, Y is true; if X is false, Y is false. 2) X is inconsistent with Y.
X: This is my first visit to Beijing. Y: I have been to Beijing twice. 3) X entails Y.
X: John married a blond heiress. Y: John married a blond. X: Marry has been to Beijing. Y: Marry has been to China.
Entailment is a relation of inclusion. If X entails Y, then the meaning of X is included in Y. If X is true, Y is necessarily true; if X is false, Y may be true or false.
4) X presupposes Y. (Y is prerequisite of X.) X: His bike needs repairing. Y: He has a bike
If X is true, Y must be true; If X is false, Y is still true. 5) X is a contradiction
*My unmarried sister is married to a bachelor. 6) X is semantically anomalous *The table has bad intentions.
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Chapter 6 pragmatics
一 、定义
Pragmatics（语用学）（问答，辨析，定义）
Pragmatics: the study of language in use or language communication; the study of the use of context to make inference about meaning.
The study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.
2.言语行为理论Speech act theory
It’s an important theory in the pragmatic study of language. it’s a philosophical explanation of the nature of linguistic communication. it aims to answer the question ”what do we do when using language?”
The concept of causatives performatives, the locutionary act, the illocutionary act, the perlocutionary act and the5categories of illocutionary act suggested and formulated by J.R.Searle constitute the speech act theory. 3.叙述句Constatives
Constatives are statements that either state or describe, and are thus verifiable and it bearing the truth-value.;
4.行为句Performatives
Performatives are sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and are not verifiable. 5.言内行为Locutionary Act
A locutionary act is the act of uttering words, phrases ,clauses. it’s the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology. 6.言外行为Illcotionary Act
An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention it’s the act performed in saying something.
7.言后行为 Perlocutionary Act
Perlocuationary Act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something. it’s the consequence of ,or the change brought about by the utterance. 10.合作原则Cooperative Principle
It’s proposed and formulated by P.Grice, a pragmatic hypothesis, is about that the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate, otherwise, it would not be possible for them to carry on the talk.
二、知识点
1.语用学的几个重要的理论
⑴言语行为理论Speech act theory
由英国哲学家John Austin在20世纪50年代末提出
在此理论基础上John区分了定义了叙述句Constatives和行为句performatives 在区分叙述句和行为句之后，他又定义了言内行为、言外行为和言后行为 例子：you have left the door wide open.
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Locutionary act:: expressed what each word of this sentence literally mean.
Illutionary act: expressed his intention of speaking, asking someone to close the door.
Perlocutionary act: someone heard the sentence, and close the door, then this act is successfully performed.
※在这三种行为中，语言学家对言外行为最感兴趣
cos this kind of speech act is identical with the speaker’s intention, and in their study of language communication, linguists are most interested in how a speaker expresses his intention and also how his intention is recognized by the hearer. ⑵会话原则CP 逻辑哲学家Paul Grice提出;
2. 合作原则的准则4Maxim of Cooperative Principle
数量准则 the maxim of Quantity-----你说的话应包含所需内容且不可超过内容要求 Make your contribution as informative as required;
Do not make your contribution more informative than is required 质量准则the maxim of Quality -----不要说你认为是假的话或你缺乏足够证据的话 Do not say what you believe to false.
Do not say for which you lack adequate evidence
关系准则 the maxim of relation-----使你的话与话题相关be relevant 方式准则 the maxim of manner-----避免模糊、歧义，应简明有序 Avoid obscurity of expression and ambiguity; Be brief/be orderly.
3.六七十年代时，美国哲学语言学家John Searle对言外行为分成了5类 阐述性Representatives---to commit the speaker to something’s being the
Case ,to the truth of what has been said. 例词:stating, believing, swearing, hypothesizing最有代表性,
指令性Directives---are attempts by the speaker to get the hearer to do something.
例词:inviting, suggesting ,requesting ,advising ,warning ,threatening, ordering 是特有实例
承诺性Commissives---when speaking the speaker puts himself under obligation. 例词:promising, undertaking, vowing最典型
表达类Expressives---the speaker is expressing his feelings or attitude towards an existing state of affairs. 例词:apologizing ,thanking, congratulating
宣告类Declarations---the successful performance of an act of this type brings
about the correspondence between what is said and reality. 例句
I now declare the meeting open/I appoint you chairman of the committee/I fire you. 这五类differ in their strength or force.
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