发布时间 : 星期五 文章英语语法体系(English Grammar)更新完毕开始阅读
the tall boy sitting in the corner
the author‘s new novel that will soon come out
B. 动词短语(VP): 动词短语是以主动词为中心词的短语。动词短语可能只包括一个主动词或
者主动词带修饰语；也可以由一个或一个以上的助动词加主动词构成。 She looks beautiful. John arrived last night.
They fully appreciate our problem. We utterly detested him.
It is getting dark. She ought to have told him about it.
The children might have been playing in the garden. Joan will certainly object and so will Mary. I have rarely reviewed a more dishonest book. He may really have injured innocent people. live in China; live happily; study hard
C. 形容词短语(AdjP):
very good; quite young;
pretty difficult; careful enough； too difficult for that child too hot to be enjoyable；
glad to help you repair the car
D. 副词短语(AdvP): very early; far away; loudly and clearly;
so slowly; very clearly indeed; far from the station
E. 介词短语(PrepP)：
on the table; from your friends; by the window; in the classroom; across the river; at school; about him; with my father
（4）小句/分句
“分句＝名词词组＋动词词组”的提法与“分句＝主语＋谓语”的提法是一致的：前者是就分句结构形式而言；后者是就分句的表意功能而言(一个词的语法功能指的是这个词在句法结构里所能占据的语法位置)。分句之所以不同于词组在于前者具有述谓性，而后者没有这种特性。正因为如此，所谓分句应该是一种主谓结构，这是分句之所以谓分句的本质特征。
分句(clause)==主语(subject)+谓语部分(predicate)
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主语=名词短语(NP)
谓语部分=谓语动词(VP)+宾语部分（NP）
Clause
Subject Predicate
NP VP NP
The little girl is happily eating a big apple.
分句种类：
A.独立分句：不依附于其他结构而独立存在的分句。 B. 从属分句：从属于其他结构的分句。
He knows everything about it. (独立分句)
I don‘t think he knows everything about it. (从属分句) That hat does not fit; you may try another. (独立分句) If that hat does not fit, try another. (从属分句)
Some of your answers were correct, but I do not remember which. (独立分句) I do not remember which of your answers were correct. (从属分句) His new book will soon come out. It is on grammar. (独立分句) His new book that will soon come out is on grammar. (从属分句)
C. 简单分句：仅包括一个主谓结构的分句。 上述各句的斜体部分都是简单分句；单独出
现的简单分句也就是“简单句”。
D. 复杂分句：带有其他主谓结构作为分句成分的分句；一个单独出现的复杂分句也就是“复
杂句”。
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It is not true. (独立简单分句/简单句)
What you said is not true.（独立复杂分句/复杂句） He said that it was not true.（从属简单分句）
He complained that what you said was not true.（从属复杂分句）
E. 主句和分句
主句是相对于从句而言。“从句”即从属分句，可以直接从属于另一个分句，作为分句成分，也可以从属于一个短语，作为短语的一部分，例如：the book my father bought yesterday中my father bought yesterday是名词短语的修饰语（定语），属于名词短语的一部分。带有从属分句作为自己成分的分句便是主句，充当主句的一个成分的分句便是从句。主句和从句的关系是相对的: 在一个复杂结构中是主句的，在另一个复杂结构中则又可能是从句，例如：
He complained that what you said was not true.
从句
主句
从句
主句
E. 限定分句、非限定分句、无动词分句
由于分句被看作为一种主谓结构，一个分句的谓语如果是以限定动词（谓语动词）为中心的动词词组表示，它便是限定分句；如果充当谓语的动词词组中心词是个非限定动词（非谓语动词），这便是非限定分句；如果作为分句谓语的动词词组中心词没有表示出来，而仅保留被省略的动词的连带成分（通常是主语补语），那便是无动词分句，如，
I signed the paper to get the license.
Renee bought a book to read on the plane. It is forbidden to smoke in this room.
Can‘t you recall telling me that story last week？
The man，wearing such dark glasses, obviously could not see clearly. Leaving the room, he tripped over the mat.
Covered with confusion, they apologized abjectly. （绝望无助，怯懦） The discussion completed, the Chairman adjourned the meeting for an hour.
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一个主谓结构如果不带任何形式的动词短语作谓语动词便是“无动词分句”。 Hungry and exhausted, the climbers returned.
Confident of the justice of their cause, they agreed to put their case before the arbitration panel. One of the most popular tourist sites in Italy, Pompei was viewed by nearly two million visitors last year.
Christmas then only days away, the family was pent up with excitement.
（5）句子
由一个或一个以上构成的语法单位就是句子。
简单句：只包含一个主谓结构而且各个成分均由短语构成的句子。 The students have made better grades in the past few weeks. The boy can stay in the room only for a few minutes.
如果构成分句成分的短语本身带有从属分句，那么这个句子仍然是简单句。 The students I teach have made better grades in the past few weeks.
但若某个句子成分直接由从属分句表示，那么这种句子便不再是简单句而是复杂句。 The students would have made better grades if they had studied hard. The boy can stay in the room so long as he keeps quiet. What he said is not true.
I didn‘t understand what he meant.
两个或两个以上的简单句由并列连词或其他并列手段连接起来便构成并列句。 Miss Lindstorm came to the party, but Mr and Mrs Sherman did not.
Most of us were in the hall, the doors had been closed, and the latecomers had to wait outside.
一个并列句，如果包含一个或一个以上的复杂句作为并列成分，这便是并列复杂句。
They watched television and enjoyed themselves immensely, but we couldn‘t see the program
because our television was broken.
It would be dark before he could reach the village, and he heaved a heavy sigh when he
thought of encountering the terrors of Dame Van Wrinkle.
10. 句子成分
句子是表达思想的基本单位，就象家庭是社会的基本单位一样。只有完整的句子才能表达完整的思想。句子由单词组成，但组成时要遵循一定的规律，这就是语法。违反了这些规律，语言即不正确，也就不能正确地表达思想。因此，每句话都牵涉到语法。就英语书面语而言，每句话的第一个字母要大写，句末应有句号，若是问句，末尾应加问号。
汉语也有语法，有些地方与英语是相似的，但在更多地方是不同的，在学习过程中要注意两种语言的异同。实际上，学习英语的过程，也是一个与母语干扰作斗争的过程。 句子总的说来由两部分构成，即主语与谓语部分。 主语 谓语部分
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