发布时间 : 星期五 文章英语语言学概论 Chapter4 Phonology（音位学）更新完毕开始阅读
Phonology(音位学)
Phonetics is a study of the production,transmission and perception of speech sounds, and their physical properties.
Phonemes 音位are the minimal distinctive units in the sound system of a language. Allophones 音位变体are the different realizations of a particular phoneme in a language. Phones are the smallest identifiable phonetic unit or segment in a stream of speech.
Minimal pair最小对立体：a pair of words which differ from each other by one sound. 3 conditions: 1 the two forms are different in meaning; 2 the two forms are different in one segment; 3 the different sounds occur in the same position of the two words: teach---cheat, read—dear
If two or more sounds never appear in the same enviornment, that is, each sound only appears in the enviornment where the other never occurs, they are in complementary distribution.互补分布 pen—pet, pat—spat—tap, lead—real
If two or more sounds can occur in the same environment and the substitution of one sound for another brings about a change of meaning, they are in contrastive distribution. Will—till 对比分布
When two sounds can appear in the same environment and the substitution of one for the other does not cause any change in meaning, they are in free variation. 自由变体
A distinctive feature 区别性特征is one which distinguishes one phoneme from another,like /nasal/,/voiced/. put forward by Jakobson.
The assimilation rule同化原则the effect of phonetic context or situation on a particular phone.
Deletion rule删除: delete a sound although it is orthographically represented
Sequential rules顺序: state the possible combination of phonemes and the constraints over such a combination for a language.
suprasegmental features(超切分特征) features that have effect on more than one segment, which also known as prosody(韵律语音特征): stress, tone, intonation and juncture.
stress(重音,重读) some nouns are stressed on the first syllables while the verbs are stressed on the second syllables:
Tone(声调): the level of pitch that is used in a linguistically contrastive ways. Tone language: ma ma ma ma(妈,麻马骂)
Intonation(语调) 5 intonations: the falling tones: certainty; the rising tones: uncertainty, the level tones: undecided yet whether known or unknown,
juncture(连音): the boundary features that may demarcate grammatical units:A name an aim
narrow transcription(严式音标): symbolizes all the possible speech sounds, broad transcription(宽式音标): transcribes or indicates only the only those speech sounds that distinguish one word from another in a language . It is phonemic.