压裂液毕业论文

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低界面张力羧酸型PAM的制备及性能研究

摘要

采油有一次采油,二次采油,三次采油之分[1]。一次采油是指利用油层原有的能量采油,它意不注入任何流体为特征。一次采油可利用天然油层能量(如有层的弹性能,水的位能和气体析出的容积能)对油进行驱动。二次采油是指一次采油后的采油,这种采油通常注入一般流体(如水和气)为特征。三次采油是指二次采油后的采油,这种采油是以注入特殊流体为特征。本文主要研究聚合物在三次采油中的应用。聚合物驱是指以聚合物溶液作为驱油剂的驱油法。聚合物驱属于化学驱,也叫聚合物溶液驱,聚合物强化水驱等[2]。

聚合物驱是一种独立的驱油法,但也可以作为辅助驱油法。当它作为辅助驱油法时,它配合其他提高采收率方法(如表面活性剂驱,碱驱)适用。这时聚合物段赛用于流度控制,以保护它前面的其他提高采收率方法的段赛平稳地通过地层,充分发挥其他提高采收率方法的驱油作用。由于聚合物驱最好在注水的早期阶段进行,因此聚合物驱也是一种二次采油法。

本文着重研究疏水缔合水溶性高分子的合成和应用,以长脂肪链疏水单体丙烯酸十八酯(ODA),与丙烯酰胺(AM)、丙烯酸(AA)通过自由基共聚法制得一种新型亲水缔合聚丙烯酰胺水溶性聚合物。确定了最适宜的合成条件,研究了聚合物的粘度与反应温度,时间和剪切速率之间的关系以及驱油效率。 关键词:采油,聚合物驱,聚丙烯酰胺,粘度

Study on Preparation and Properties of Low Interfacial

Tension Carboxylic Acid Type PAM

ABSTRACT

Oil production has an oil recovery, the two oil recovery, the three oil recovery. An oil recovery is the use of the original oil production, it means that any of the

characteristics of the injection. A production using natural reservoir energy (such as a layer of elastic energy, the volume of water potential energy and gas evolution) are used to drive the oil. The two oil recovery refers to the characteristic of a general fluid (such as water and gas) after the oil recovery. The three oil recovery is the two oil recovery, which is characterized by the injection of special fluids. This paper mainly studies the application of polymer in the three oil recovery. Polymer flooding is a method of displacing oil by using polymer solution as an oil displacement agent. Polymer flooding is a chemical flooding, also called polymer solution flooding, polymer enhanced water flooding and so on.

Polymer flooding is an independent displacement method, but it can also be used as an auxiliary oil displacement method. When it is used as an auxiliary oil

displacement method, it can be applied to other enhanced oil recovery methods (such as surface active agent flooding and alkali drive). When polymer competition for mobility control and to protect it in front of the other to improve oil recovery method of segment thypin smoothly through the strata, give full play to the other enhanced oil recovery method of oil displacement effect. Polymer flooding is the best method of the two oil recovery in the early stage of water injection.

This paper focuses on the research of hydrophobically associating water soluble polymer synthesis and application, with long fatty chain hydrophobic monomer

acrylic acid octadecyl (ODA), and acrylamide (AM), acrylic acid (AA) by free radical copolymerization method was a new hydrophilic associating polyacrylamide water soluble polymers. The optimum synthesis conditions were determined. The

relationship between the viscosity of the polymer and the reaction temperature, the time and the shear rate as well as the oil displacement efficiency were studied. Key words: oil production, polymer flooding, polyacrylamide, viscosity

1 绪论

1.1 研究的目的及意义

能源是一个国家社会发展的动力源泉,决定着一个国家的经济发展、竞争实力和综合国力。作为重要的能源、优质的化工原料和重要的战备物资,被称为黑色金子的石油及天然气是世界各国必不可少的主要能源和物资,其开发和合理利用受到各国的普遍重视 。

我国虽然石油资源丰富,但大部分都是稠油。由于稠油黏度高、密度大,流动性很差,给其开采和输送带来了很大困难,因此开发稠油对于解决石油资源短缺的矛盾有重大意义。原油的采收率很低,一次采油可采出10%~25%的地下原油,二次采油可采出15%~25%地下原油,即一次采油和二次采油只采出25%~50%地下原油[3]。通过开发流动性改进剂解决稠油生产过程中的流动性难题,具有重要的价值。聚合物驱明显提高了石油采收率的效果,是石油开采中后期最重要的一环。一般认为,聚丙烯酰胺可起到了调解注入水的流变性、增加驱动液粘度、改善水驱波及效率等重要作用。但是,由于介质孔隙等地质条件和地下水中离子成分与含量的差异,对聚丙烯酰胺的分子形态、分子量等提出了不同要求。聚丙烯酰胺产品综合性能的好坏将直接影响聚合物驱的技术经济效果。

目前,在油田作业中,聚合物驱油技术在各大油田中已大面积推广应用,成为油田可持续发展的重要措施,是提高采收率的重要手段之一。具有低界面张力特征的聚合物在具备流度控制能力的同时, 能够显著提高驱油效率, 在组分相对单一的前提下同时实现驱油和洗油的作用。本课题引入能显著降低界面张力的功能单体,制备一种羧酸阴离子型聚丙烯酰胺,考察其低界面张力性能及驱油性能,确定聚合物合成配方,同时,评价该聚合物驱体系在油层中的注入能力、吸附性能、驱油效果,通过岩心实验确定聚合物驱提高采收率幅度。

本课题选用丙烯酸十八酯长脂肪链烯丙基单体为疏水性功能单体,以丙烯酰胺,丙烯酸等为主要原料,通过自由基共聚法制备长酯链改性疏水缔合聚丙烯酰胺驱油剂。制备一种羧酸阴离子型聚丙烯酰胺,考察其驱油性能,确定聚合物合成配方,同时,评价该聚合物驱体系在油层中的注入能力、吸附性能、驱油效果,通过岩心实验确定聚合物驱提高采收率幅度。

1.2聚丙烯酰胺简述

聚丙烯酰胺是由丙烯酰胺(AM)单体经自由基引发聚合而成的水溶性线性高分子聚合物,具有良好的絮凝性,可以降低液体之间的摩擦阻力,按离子特性分

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