人教版初中英语七年级下册全册各单元知识点和语法归纳整理

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c. 当分钟为30分钟用half表示,当分钟为15分钟用a quarter。

三. how引导的特殊疑问句

1. how 引导的特殊疑问句提问交通方式,其答语分三种情况: a. take a/an/the+交通工具(单数) b. by+交通工具(单数) c. on/in+限定词+交通工具

---How do you go to school every day?

---I take a bus to go to school every day./I go to school by bus every day./I go to school on the bus every day.

2. how far 用来提问距离,多远,其答语分为两种: (1)用长度单位表示:It is five kilometers. (2)用时间表示:It’s twenty minutes’walk.

3. how long 用来提问时间,意为多久回答常用“for+段时”。 ----How long have you learnt English? ----For 3 years.

4. how soon 用来提问做完某事还需要多长时间, 用于将来时态, 常用“in+时间段”来回答。 ----How soon will you arrive in Beijing? ----In 3 hours.

四. 祈使句

祈使句一般表示请求、命令、劝说、号召、警告等。一般以动词原形开头,句末可以用感叹号或句号。

1. 肯定的祈使句:

(1) 实义动词原形+其他 :Please look at that boy. (2) be动词原形+形容词+其他:Be quiet, please. 2. 否定的祈使句:

(1) Don’t+实义动词+原形 Don't stand there. (2) Don’t be+形容词+其他 Don't be so noisy. (4) No+n./V-ing No photos. 不许照相。 No talking. 不许谈话。 五. 现在进行时

现在进行时指当前时间正在发生的动作。常与now,at this moment,listen,look等词连用。 谓语动词结构:be+动词ing形式 They are having class. He is eating lunch.

变为否定句直接在be动词之后加not,其他不变;变为一般疑问句直接把be动词提到句首,其他不变。

They are having class.→They are not having class.→ Are they having class? He is eating lunch.→ He is not eating lunch. → Is he eating lunch?

六. There be结构

1. There be句型主要用以表达“某处有某人(某物),强调存在”其基本结构为“There be+某物(某人)+某地”,有时为了强调地点,也可把地点状语放在句首。 There is a book on the desk. On the desk there is a book.

2. have表示“某人拥有某人或某物,强调拥有和所属关系”。 The man has two cars.

3. There be句型中的就近原则,即be和距其最近的主语保持一致。

There are some pens and a book on the floor. =There is a book and some pears on the floor. 七. 选择疑问句

选择疑问句是指说话人提出两种或以上的情况,让对方选择是哪一种,两个选择部分用or连接。选择疑问句不用yes或no来回答,直接在两个选择里选一个回答。

---Is she tall or short? ---She is tall.

---Can you play the piano or play the guitar? ---I can play the piano 八. 名词

1. 名词单数变复数规则

在英语里面,名词分可数名词(countable noun)和不可数名词(uncountable noun)。不可数名词没有单复数之分,用时只当单数词用;可数名词有单复数之分,一个的前面要用a或an,eg: a pencil, a basketball, a dictionary, an egg, an ID card,而复数即两个或两个以上的要作相应的变化,情况如下:

(1)一般的词在单数词后直接+“s”

book→books,pen→pens,car→cars,map→maps,cartoon→cartoons (2)以s,x,sh,ch结尾的词+“es” box→boxes,watch→watches

(3)以辅音字母+y结尾的名词去掉“y”,改成“i”,再加“es” family→families,comedy→comedies

(4)以f或fe结尾的词,先去掉f或fe,改成“v”再加es knife→knives,wife→wives,handkerchief→handkerchieves (5) 特殊词,特殊变化,需单独记:

child→children,man→men,foot→feet,woman→women tooth→teeth,sheep→sheep,deer→deer

2. 既是可数名词又是不可数名词的单词

chicken当“鸡肉”讲时是不可数,当“小鸡”讲时可数; room当“空间”讲时不可数,当“房间”讲时可数;

fish当食物用“鱼、鱼肉”讲时不可数,当“鱼的种类”讲时可数; hair泛指“毛发”时不可数,当“一根或几根毛发”讲时可数;

sound意思是“一般性的声音”时,不可数,指“一次发出的声音”时可数; paper当“纸”讲时不可数,当“试卷”、“论文”、“证件”讲时可数; time当“时间”讲时不可数,当“时代、倍数、次数”讲时可数; exercise泛指“锻炼”时不可数,当“练习、做操”讲时可数

九. 一般过去时

一般过去时表示在过去某个时间所发生的动作或所处的状态(与现在无关) 。常与yesterday, last week, in 1989, just now, a moment ago, the other day等过去具体时间状语连用。 He was here just now. 他刚才还在这里。 What did you do yesterday? 你昨天做了什么事? 一般过去时基本结构

1. 肯定句形式:主语+动词过去式+其他 I was an English teacher one year ago. 一年前我是一名英语老师。

I bought a yellow dress yesterday afternoon. 昨天下午我买了一条黄裙子。

2. 否定句形式:①was/were+not; ②在行为动词前加didn't,同时还原行为动词 I wasn't an English teacher one year ago. 一年前我不是一名英语老师。

I didn't buy a yellow dress yesterday afternoon. 昨天下午我没买一条黄裙子。

3. 一般疑问句:①was/were提到句首; ②Did+主语+动词原形+其他? Were you an English teacher one year ago? 一年前你是一名英语老师吗?

Did you buy a yellow dress yesterday afternoon? 昨天下午你买了一条黄裙子吗? 4. 特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句 What were you one year ago?

一年前你是做什么的?

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