发布时间 : 星期五 文章APIC 201405原料药厂清洁验证指南：4.0可接受标准更新完毕开始阅读
假定常用标准（ADE，1000分之一剂量，LD50 NOEL/ADI安全系数100-1000，10ppm）代表药品生产理想状态，被认为是足够安全的，这时原料药生产中的限度计算必须反映化学原料药生产与药品生产工艺的不同，使得可以进行风险分析比较。 Pharmaceutical production, Chemical production physical process 药品生产、化学生产的物理处理
In pharmaceutical production a residue remaining on the surface of equipment after cleaning is, in the next production cycle, distributed in a mixture of active substance and excipients if it does not remain on the surface. In the worst case it will be 100 % transferred to the first batch of next product.
在药品生产中，清洁后残留保存在设备表面，在下一个生产循环中，如果这些残留不再停留在设备表面，则会分布在原料药和辅料的混合物中。最差情况是这些残留100%地被带入下一产品的第一个批次。
Chemical production/processing 化学生产/工艺
In chemical production a 100 % carry-over of residue from the equipment surface to the next product to be manufactured is very unlikely based on the way the process is run and on technical considerations. The residue remaining on the equipment surface can, during the next production cycle, be carried over into the reaction mixture consisting of solvent and raw materials. In most cases, however, any residue in solution will be eliminated from the process together with the solvent, and insoluble residue by physical separation processes (e.g. filtration), so likely carry over into the end-product will be low.
在化学生产中，考虑到工艺运行的方式，以及技术问题，残留物被100%地从设备表面带入下一产品中的情形不太可能发生。残留在设备里的东西，在下一生产循环中，会被带入溶剂和原料所组成的混合反应液中。在大多数情况下，所有溶液中的残留都会与溶剂一起被从工艺中去除，不溶性残留会被物理分离工艺（例如过滤）减少，因此，可能被带到最终产品中的残留会很低。 The final step in a multi-step chemical synthesis is selective purification of the API (e.g. by crystallization), during which contaminants are removed from the process and/or insoluble residues are removed by physical separation). From the original reaction mixture of educt, agent and solvent there remains only a fraction of the original mass as API at the end of the chemical process.
在多步化学合成的最后一步，一般是原料药选择性精制（例如，通过结晶方式）。在精制过程中，污染物被从工艺中去除，不溶性残留被物理分离所去除。在经过这些化学工艺后，原来那些由离析物、试剂和溶剂所组成的混合反应液只剩下一些原来物质的片断，在最后成为原料药。 【译者：第一句有一个半括号，原文如此】
It is also to be noted that, during subsequent pharmaceutical production, the API is further diluted through the excipients that are added.
还要注意的一点是，在后续的药品生产过程中，原料药通过加入辅料被进一步稀释了。
Conclusion: 结论
Assuming that there is no intention to impose more stringent yardsticks during API production than in pharmaceutical production but that they should be approximately the same, the logical conclusion is that the limits in chemical production should be set higher than in pharmaceutical production. Based on this rationale, a factor of 5 - 10 compared to the established pharmaceutical production limits is both plausible and, in terms of pharmaceutical risk, acceptable.
假定我们并无意将比药品生产更严格的标尺强加给原料药生产，而只是要将它们保持大致相同，则从逻辑上得到的结论就是在化学生产中的限度应该设定得比药品生产中的限度要高。基于此理论，相比于已建立的药品生产限度，对原料药生产采用5-10的安全系数既貌似合理，从药品风险角度来说，也是可以接受的。
Chemical production “physical processes” (drying, mixing, filling, ...) 化学生产的“物理处理”（干燥、混合、充填??）
Apparatus and equipment that is used for physical end-treatments such as drying, mixing or milling may either be operated together with the previous synthesis equipment or generally be used separately. During separate physical end-treatments of APIs, there is no decrease of contaminants compared to the aforementioned chemical process. Consequently, we recommend in this case that the calculation methods applied should be those normally used in pharmaceutical production, (ADE, 1/1000th dose, LD50 NOEL/ADE with SF 100-1000, 10 ppm). The Limits for carry over into the final API should be the same as those calculated in the previous sections.
用于最终物理处理，如干燥、混合或磨粉，的设备仪器，可以与之前的合成设备一起使用，通常是单独使用。在原料药单独的物理最终处理过程中，与之前提到的化学过程相比，其污染物不会减少。因此，我们推荐在这种情况下，应采用制剂产品中常用的计算方法（ADE、千分之一剂量、半数致死量、NOEL/ADE和安全系统 100-1000、10ppm）。带入最终原料药的残留量限度应与之前各部分所计算的相同。
ANNEX 1: Examples of MACO calculations. 附录1：MACO计算的例子 Example 1: ADE calculation 例1：ADE计算
Product A has a NOAEL70kg of 100 mg/day human oral dose. Uncertainty factors applied to calculate the ADE are an UFS of 3 (extrapolation from an acute dose to subchronic/chronic dosing) and UFH of 8.13 (the