2019年高考英语考纲解读与热点难点突破专题名词教学案

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专题01 名词

【2019年高考考纲解读】

高考对名词词义辨析以及习惯搭配用法的考查将仍然是重点。 名词除了独立考查其词义辨析外,还常结合其他项目一起考查,题型以单项填空、短文改错、完形填空及单词拼写等形式出现,考查要点主要包括:

1.考查名词词义辨析和习惯搭配。名词词义辨析包括同义词辨析、近义词辨析、同形词辨析和不同词义的名词在语境中的辨析。另外,高考还考查容易混淆的名词的辨形、辨义以及名词的惯用法等。

2.考查名词的数(可数与不可数、单数与复数)、名词所有格、抽象名词的具体化、物质名词的量化、名词和冠词的搭配以及主谓一致等。

3.考查名词的“旧词新意”和“名词动化”现象。这种现象主要以隐形考查的方式出现在阅读理解和完形填空试题中。如:shelter n.庇护,避难所→vt.保护,躲避,避难; storm n. 暴风雨, 大动荡→vi.&vt.横冲直撞, 猛攻; shoulder n. 肩,肩膀,肩部→vt.肩负,承担; trail n.小径, 痕迹→vt.追踪。

【重点、难点剖析】 一、名词词义辨析

同义词、近义词甚至是形近词有着不同的含义和适用场合,要特别注意在特定语境中准确运用词汇和语法知识的能力。平时要努力扩大词汇量,做题时要深入理解语境,整体把握,结合句意作出最佳选择。

二、名词固定搭配

高考中常常借助名词的固定搭配在具体语境中的运用考查名词。解答此类试题,不仅要掌握名词的意义,体会语境,还要牢记常用的名词固定搭配。如:have/gain access to得以进入/会见/接近;take advantage of利用,趁……之机;make fun of取笑,嘲弄等。

三、抽象名词具体化

抽象名词是表示状态、品质、情感等而没有实物的名词。抽象名词具体化后变成可数名词,前面可加不定冠词,用来强调其具体表现形式或表示某一次短暂的动作,常意为“一次……的事情;一个……的人;一种……的东西”。如:

抽象名词 success成功 failure失败 pleasure乐趣 pity同情 relief宽慰 具体意义 a success成功的人或事 a failure失败的人或事 a pleasure令人高兴的事 a pity令人遗憾的事 a relief令人宽慰的事 1

beauty美,美丽 surprise惊奇;吃惊 concern关心 四、名词作定语

a beauty美人 a surprise一件意外的事 a concern一件令人关切的事 名词作定语一般用单数形式,如a mountain village, stone houses, coffee cup,但man和woman作定语时要随着所修饰的名词的数的变化而变化。如:a woman doctor, two women doctors。

五、名词的所有格

1.以“s”结尾的复数名词所有格只加“'”。如: the teachers' reading-room/ten minutes' walk 2.复数为特殊变化的复数名词后加“'s”。如: Women's Day/the Children's Palace

3.名词并列时,所有格的形式不同,其含义不同。如: Tom and Bob's desk 汤姆和鲍勃的桌子(共有)

Tom's and Bob's desks 汤姆的桌子和鲍勃的桌子(不共有) 4.双重所有格。

(1)当of短语所修饰的名词前有表示数量的词,如a/two/some/any/no等时,表示所有关系的of后加名词所有格或名词性物主代词。如:

a friend of my brother's/his 我弟弟的/他的一个朋友

several students of Mr. Smith's/mine 史密斯先生的/我的几个学生

(2)当of短语所修饰的名词前有一个指示代词表示一定感情色彩时,of后也用名词所有格或名词性物主代词。如:

That little son of Xiao Li's/yours is really lovely. 小李的/你的那个小儿子真可爱。

This invention of the professor's/his is of great importance.

教授的/他的这项发明很重要。 民被这位小伙子的行为深深地打动,并对他的这个善举报以热烈的掌声。

25.答案 applause

解析 考查词性转换。空格所填词和前面的of一起构成 of所有格形式,修饰前面的名词storm作定

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语。所以用名词形式。

26.答案 behavio(u)r

解析 考查词性转换。前由“his kind(他善良的)”作定语修饰,指他善良的行为,故填名词形式。 27.答案 user

解析 考查词性转换。由语境和句子结构可知,该空作主语,意为“用户”。句意为:一位微博用户甚至评论道:我只要七秒就爱上了这个年轻人。

28.答案 seconds

解析 考查名词的数。second在此用作名词,意为“秒”,是可数名词,前有数词seven修饰,用复数形式。

【变式探究】【2017·新课标III】阅读下面短文,从短文后各题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

A Toronto man is offering a free round-the-world air to the right woman. But __41_ apply. You must be named Elizabeth Gallahgher and have a Candian ___42___ .

Jordan Axani, 28, said he and his then girlfriend, Elizabeth Gallagher, booked heavily discounted round-the-world air tickets in May, but their 43 ended and he did not want her ticket to 44 . The ticket had a strict no-transfer(不可转让) 45 , but since passport information was not required when 46 , any Canadian Elizabeth Gallagher can

47 it.

“I just want to see the ticket go to good use and for someone to 48 a lot of joy,” said Axani. He posted his 49 on a social networking website, and received thousands of e-mails, including thirty from actual Elizabeth Gallagbers with the 50 passports, “More 51 , there are hundreds of Canadians who are interested in 52 their name to Elizabeth Gallagher,” Axani said. “It was absolutely out of 53 , thousands of e-mails, people around the world 54 their stories of travel.”

Axani wrote in his post that he is not 55 anything in return and that the woman who uses

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the 56 ticket can choose to either travel with him or 57 the ticket and travel on her own.

The 58 is scheduled to start on December 21 in New York City and continue on to Milan, Prague, Paris, Bangkok and New Delhi before 59 in Toronto on January 8. He said the 60 woman will be announced on the website and the trip will be shared online.

41.A.benefits 42.A.orgin 43.A.holiday

B.deposits

C.retrictions

D.examinations

B.passport

C.accent

D.firend D.relationship

D.come into effect

B.marriage C.dream

44.A.go to waste 45.A.policy

B.come to mind

C. go no sale

B.order

C.parment

D.schedule

D.bargaining

D.buy D.provide

46.A.applying 47.A.use

B.booking B.borrow

C.checking

C.choose

48.A.sacrifice 49.A.answer 50.A.same

B.express

C.experience

B.advice B.right

C.offer

D.comment

C.now D.real

D. convincing

D. changing

51. A. interesting 52. A. writing 53. A. touch

B. annoying

C. satisfying C. lending

B. giving

B. question C. date

D. control

D. doubting

54. A. admiring 55. A. leaving 56. A. leaving 57. A. return 58. A. interview 59. A. ending

B. advertising C. sharing C. losing

B. looking for B. looking for B. take B. program

D. dealing with D. dealing with D. hide D. meeting D. staying D. lucky

C. losing C. reserve C. trip

B. calling

C. repeating

60.A.honored B. lovely C. intelligent

【解析】本文是一篇记叙文,介绍了一个加拿大青年在和女朋友分手后,希望免费赠送自己为女朋友低价购买的环球航空旅行票的故事,体现了年轻人无私的精神。

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