发布时间 : 星期日 文章生物专业英语中英文对照（蒋悟生）第2版 Bioengineering English更新完毕开始阅读
Bioengineering English
所有的细胞都有细胞骨架，网络结构的纤丝充满了它所能触及的全部空间并且对细胞器提供支持作用。细胞骨架大部分由微丝组成，微丝主要由可收缩的肌动蛋白组成。动植物细胞的许多种类型细胞内运动与肌动蛋白有关。第二类蛋白是肌球蛋白，它与肌肉细胞的收缩有关。细胞骨架的另一个主要结构成分是微管，由球状的微管蛋白组成，象脚手架一般维持细胞的稳定形态。细胞骨架的中间丝提供了细胞质伸缩动力。机械酶，例如，肌球蛋白，动力蛋白，驱动蛋白与微丝，微管相互作用产生动力而引起细胞运动。 Cellular Movements（细胞运动）
Although the cytoskeleton provides some stability to cells, its microtubules and filaments and their associated proteins enable cells to move by creeping or gliding. Such movements require a solid substrate to which the cell can adhere and can be guided by the geometry of the surface. Some cells also exhibit chemotaxis, the ability to move toward or away from the source of a diffusing chemical.
尽管细胞骨架提供了细胞的某些稳定性，微丝，微管及相关蛋白能使细胞爬行或滑动。这种运动需要固体基质依托并通过表面几何形状的改变而运动。某些细胞具备趋药性，即趋向或逃离扩散开的化学源。
Certain eukaryotic cells can swim freely in liquid environments, propelled by whiplike cilia or flagella. Both cilia and flagella have the same internal structure: nine doublets (pairs of microtubules) are arranged in a ring and extend the length of the cilium or flagellum, and two more microtubules run down the center of the ring. Every cilium or flagellum grows only from the cell surface where a basal body is located. Movement is based on the activities of tiny dynein side arms that extend from one of the microtubules of each doublet.
某些真核细胞能在液体液体中自由运动，由纤毛或鞭毛推动。纤毛和鞭毛具有同样的内部结构：九个双微管环形排列，纵向延伸，环中心是两个或以上微管组成。纤毛或鞭毛从细胞表面的基体出生长，双微管的动力蛋白臂从一侧延伸到另一侧而引起运动。
Nutrients, proteins, and other materials within most plant cells are moved about via
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Bioengineering English
cytoplasmic streaming. The process occurs as myosin proteins attached to organelles push against microfilaments arrayed throughout the cell. Microfilaments and microtubules are responsible for almost all major cytoplasmic movements. During cell division, microtubules of the spindle assembled from tubutin subunits near organelles called centrioles move the chromosomes. 大部分植物细胞的营养，蛋白质和其它物质由细胞质流运输。这个过程是由于依附在细胞器上的肌球蛋白反推排列在细胞周围的微丝形成的。绝大部分细胞质运动由微丝和微管完成。在细胞分裂期间，中心粒周围的由微管蛋白亚基装配形成的纺锤体微管移向染色体。
Glossary
cytoplasm （细）胞质
The living contents of a cell bounded externally by the plasmalemma, including an aqueous ground substance (hyaloplasm, cell sap, or cell matrix) containing organelles and various inclusions but excluding the nucleus and visible vacuoles.
cytoskeleton 细胞骨架
Of eukaryotic cells, an internal \ Its microtubules and other components structurally support the cell, organize and move
its
inteftial
components.
The
nuclei)
The organelle of the eukaryote cell that contains the chromosomes and hence ultimately controls cellular activity and inheritance through the activity of the genetic material, DNA chromosome 染色体
A DNA-histone thread residing in the nucleus of a cell. Each chromosome possesses two telomeres and a centromere, and some contain a nucleolus organizer. RNA proteins are invariably associated with the chromosome. nucleoid 拟核，类核，核质体 The DNA-containing area of a prokaryote cell, analogous to the eukaryote nucleus but not
cytoskeleton also helps free-living cells move through their environment.
nucleus 细胞核，核(复数
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Bioengineering English
membrane bounded.
nucleoli 核仁( 单数nucleolus) Nuclear structures composed of completed or partially completed ribosomes and the specific parts of chromosomes that contain the infon-nation for their construction. nuclear envelope 核膜，核被膜 A double membrane (two lipid bilayers and associated proteins) that is the outermost portion of a cell nucleus. ribosome 核糖体
Small structures composed of two protein and ribonucleic acid subunits involved in the assembly of proteins from amino acids. polysome 多核糖体
Of protein synthesis, several ribosomes all translating
the
same
messenger
RNA
molecules in eukaryotic cells. vacuole 液泡
Storage container within the cytoplasm of a cell having a surrounding membrane. phagocytosis 吞噬作用
The process by which the cell wraps around a particle and engulfs it. pinocytosis 胞饮作用
The process by which a cell engulfs some molecules dissolved in water
lysosome 溶酶体 A specialized organelle that holds a mixture of hydrolytic enzymes.
mitochondrion 线粒体(复数 mitochondria )A membranous organelle resembling a small bag with a larger bag resembling a small bag with a larger bag inside that is folded back on itself; serves as the site of aerobic cellular respiration. plastid 质体
An organelle present in all plants except bacteria, blue-green algae, and fungi; it is enclosed by two membranes (the envelope) and has various functions chloroplast 叶绿体
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molecule,one after the other.
endoplasmic reticulum 内质网 Folded membranes and tubes throughout the eukaryotic cell that provide a large surface upon which chemical activities take place. Golgi complex 高尔基复合体 A stack of flattened, smooth, membranous sacs; the site of synthesis and packaging of certain
Bioengineering English
A plastid in which photosynthesis is carried out. Chloroplasts occur in all photosynthetic organisms except photosynthetic bacteria blue-green algae.
stroma 基质，子座（复数 stromata） Region within a chloroplast that has no chlorophyll.
microfilament 微丝，纤丝
Long, fiberlike structures made of protein and found in cells, often in close association with the microtubules; provide structural support and enable movement. actin 肌动蛋白
A globular contractile protein. In muscle cells, actin interacts with another protein, myosin, to bring about contraction.
myosin ['maiesin] 肌球蛋白
A protein that, with actin, constitutes the principal element of the contractile apparatus of muscle.
microtubute 微管
Small, hollow tubes of protein that function throughout the cytoplasm to provide structural support and enable movement. tubulin 微管蛋白
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A protein that is the major constituent of microtubules.
dynein 动力蛋白，动素 A group of at least four distinct proteins found in the flagella and microtubules of eukaryotic cells and possessing ATPase activity. chemotaxis 趋化性
A locomotory movement of an organism or cell in response to, and directed by, an directional stimulus. cilia 纤毛
Numerous short, hairlike structures projecting from the cell surface that enable locomotion. flagella 鞭毛 (单数flagellum) Long, hairlike structures projecting from the cell surface that enable locomotion. basal body 基体
A body identical in structure to a centriole, found always at the base of a cilium or eukaryote flagellum. centriole 中心粒
An organelle located close to the nucleus in most animal and lower plant cells but absent from prokaryotes and higher plants.