发布时间 : 星期四 文章2019高考英语语法总结大全更新完毕开始阅读
表示“能力、许可”的can和may 表示“推断、判断”的can may,must need dare shall should will/would 情态动词+have done的用法 类 别 If引导的 条件从句 省略if的虚拟条件句 混合虚拟条件句 A computer_____think for itself; it must be told what to do. A.can’t B.mustn’t C.may not D.might not ①—Could I call you by your first name? —Yes, you______ 表示许可时用may/might ,can/could 都可以，但在问句中用A.will B.could C.may D.might could…?或might…？ 以使口气委婉客气，其回答一定要用can②Johnny, you_____play with the knife, you_____hurt yourself. 或may，以使回答口气明确（must表示一定，必须，mustn’tA.won’t/can’t B.mustn’t/may 表示禁止，不许可）。 C.shouldn’t/must D.can’t/shouldn’t The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but 在肯定句中could不可以用来表示过去某一特定场合的能力，everyone_____get out. 而要用was/were able to。 A.had to B.would C.could D.was able to Peter______come with us tonight, but he isn’t very sure yet. 在肯定句中都可以用来表示可能。在含义上must语气最肯A.must B.may C.can D.will 定,may表示的是事实上的可能性。 而can表示的是逻辑上的可能性： Mary is in poor health. She can be ill at any times. 在否定句中只能用can和may。所以can’t时用以代替mustn’t，Michael______be a policeman, for he’s much too short. 语气比may更肯定。中文可以翻译为不可能。 A.needn’t B.can’t C.should D.may He may be very busy now. Can he be very busy now? 在疑问句只能用can，不能用may和must。 He must be very busy now. Can he be very busy now? need作为情态动词只有一种形式，只用于否定句和疑问句。 If he dare come,I will kick him out. I don’t know whether he dare作为情态动词用时有两种形式：dare和dared两个词形，dare say. 除了可以用于否定句和疑问句外，还可以用于条件从句或表示注意:He doesn’t dare(to)answer the question.（否定句） 怀疑的句子中。 Does she dare(to)enter the dark room?（疑问句） 用于第一人称：征求对方的意见。 What shall we do this evening? You shall fail if you don’t work harder. 警告 用于第二、三人称：警告、命令、允诺、威胁等。 He shall have the book when I finish reading.允诺 He shall be punished.威胁 You should(ought to) go to class right away. 劝告、建议、命令、应该做、道义上的责任。 I should(ought to) help him because he is in trouble. 请求、建议，would比will委婉客气。 Would you pass me the book? I will never do that again. 表示意志、愿望和决心。 They asked us if we would do that again During the vacation he would visit me every week would可表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向。 The wound would not heal.（伤口老是不能愈合） It would be about ten when he left home. would表示估计或猜想。 What would she be doing there? could+have done：本可以做而实际上未能做。 You could have done better, but you didn’t try your best. cannot+ have done：表示对现在或过去行为的否定推测。 He cannot have been to that town. can+主语+ have done：表示对过去行为的怀疑或不肯定（用在Can he have got the book? 疑问句中）。 He may not have finished the work. might(may)+ have done：对过去发生的行为不太肯定的推测。 If we had taken the other road, we might have arrived earlier. must+ have done：对过去发生的行为肯定的推测。 You must have seen the film. 其否定式为：cannot have done。 You cannot have seen the film. You needn’t have watered the flowers,for it is going to rain. 注意：didn’t need to(have to)do： needn’t+ have done：本来不必要做的而实际上又做了。 没有必要做而实际上也没有做 I didn’t need to clean the windows.My sister did it 2 hours ago. You should have started earlier, but you didn’t. should(ought to)+ have done：本来应该做而实际上又没有做。She shouldn’t have taken away my measuring tape, 其否定形式表示某中行为不该发生却发生了。 for I worked to use it. 注意：He should have finished the work by now.（表推测） 虚拟语气 用 法 例 句 从句动词：过去式（be用were） 与现在事实相反 If he were here, he would help us. 主句动词：should/would/could/might+do 从句动词：had+done 与过去事实相反 If I had been free,I would have visited you. 主句动词：should/would/could/might+have+done 从句动词：过去式/should+动词原形/were+to do 与将来事实相反 If it should rain tomorrow, we would not go camping. 主句动词：should/would/could/might+动词原形 ①Should he come ,tell him to ring me up. 将虚拟条件从句中的were，had,should放到主语之前，构成主谓倒装 ②Were I you,I would not do it. ③Had I been free,I would have visited you. ①If he had listened to me, he would not be in trouble now. 不同时间的虚拟：各遵守各的规则 ②If he had told me yesterday,I should know what to do now. ③If I were you, I would have gone to her birthday party. 表示能力的情态动词用can/could 13
虚拟与陈述的混合：各遵守各的规则 but for+名词表示虚拟条件 without+名词表示虚拟条件 动词不定式表示虚拟条件 含蓄虚拟 条件句 现在分词表示虚拟条件 过去分词表示虚拟条件 副词otherwise表示虚拟条件 句子或主句中的谓语动词的形式视具体情况而定。这是考查考生应变能力的最佳试题。 连词but连接的句子表示虚拟条件 as if/as though引导的状语从句中动词用did或had＋done或would／could／might＋do。 注意：as if/as though引导的状语从句中也可以用陈述语气： 当说话者认为所述的是真实的或极有可能发生或存在的事实时： It sounds as if it is raining．听起来像是在下雨。 He talks as if he is drunk．从他谈话的样子来看他是醉了。 in order that/so that引导的状语从句中动词用can/could/may/ might/ would等+do demand, suggest, order, insist后接的从句中动词为should+do wish后的从句中分别用过去式，过去完成式和should/would+do表示与现在，过去和将来情况相反 在It is necessary / important / strange that… It is suggested / demanded/ ordered / requested that…等从句中， 谓语动词用should+do It is time that…句型中动词用过去式或should+do 其它 句型中 would rather所接的从句中动词用过去式或者过去完成式 If only句型中动词常用过去式或者过去完成式，表示强烈的愿望 其它 状语从句 ①He could have passed the exam,but he wasn’t careful enough. ②You should have come earlier.The bus left a moment ago. ---But for your timely warning,we ______ into great trouble. ---You know we’re friends. A. would get B. must have got C. would have got D. can’t have got Without the air to hold some of the sun's heat, the earth at night would be freezing cold. It would be only partly right to follow in this way. 如果用这种方式，仅仅对了一半。 Having known in time ,we might have prevented the accident.要是及时得知的话，我们也许能阻止这场事故。 Given more attention, the tree could have grown better. 如果多留心的话，这树本来可以长的更好。 I was too busy at that time.Otherwise,I would have called you.我当时太忙，否则我就给你打电话了。 He _____fatter but he eats too little . A. would become B. would have become C. must become D. must have become ①与现在事实相反 He talks as if he knew where she was． ②与过去事实相反 He talks about Rome as if he had been there before. ③与将来事实相反 He opened his mouth as if he would say something. Turn on the light so that we can see it clearly. He suggested that we not change our mind. I wish I could be a pop singer. I wish I would have gone to Shanghai last month. It is strange that such a person should be our friends. It’s high time that we left/should leave. I would rather you stayed at home now. If only our dream had come true! 宾语从句 主语从句 九、句子的种类
按用途分 种 类 陈述句 类 型 肯定句 否定句 一般疑问句 例 句 We love our motherland. 我们热爱祖国。 They don’t go to work on Sundays. 他们星期日不上班。 Are you a worker? 你是个工人吗？ Haven’t you seen the film? 你没看过这部电影吗？ Who is the man? 这人是谁？ 特殊疑问句 疑问句 选择疑问句 When do you watch TV? 你什么时间看电视？ What are they doing now? 他们现在正在干什么？ Do you want tea or coffee? Either will do. 你要茶水还是要咖啡？哪种都行。 Does he learn Japanese or French? He learns French. 他学日语还是学法语？他学法语。 反意疑问句 祈使句 肯定句 否定句 what + 名词 感叹句 how + 形容词或副词 They are going to the airport, aren’t they? 他们要去机场，是吗？ You haven’t finished your homework, have you? 你没做完作业，是吗？ Be sure to get there at eight. 务必八点钟到那儿。 Don’t worry. I’ll help you out. 别担心，我会帮助你的。 What great changes we have had these years! 这几年我们有了多么大的变化啊! What a fine day it is! 多好的天气呀! How brave he is! 他多么勇敢呀! How hard they are working! 他们工作多努力呀！ 14
how +句子 How + adj. + a (an) + n.=What a(an)+adj.+n 按结构分 种类 类型 主+谓 主+谓+宾 主+谓+间宾+直接宾 主+谓+宾+宾补 主+系+表 How time flies! 时间过得多么快呀! How nice a boy (he is) !=What a nice boy (he is)! 多好的孩子啊! 例句 They disappeared. 他们消失了。 He likes swimming.他喜欢游泳。 We help each other. 我们互相帮助。 I told my friend the good news. 我把好消息告诉了我的朋友。 They sent us a telegram. 他们给我们拍了电报。 They named the boy Jack. 他们给孩子起名叫杰克。 I want everything ready by eight o’clock. 我要求一切都要在八点前准备好。 She is a university student. 她是一名大学生。 He has become a pilot. 他已成为一名飞行员。 Either you do it, or I ask for somebody else to do it. 要么你来做，要么我请其他人来做。 Neither Tom nor Jack has finished the homework. 汤姆和杰克都没有完成作业。 Not couldn’t they complete the task, but the task was too tough. 不是他们完不成任务，而是任务太重了。 John likes playing basketball, but he didn’t play it yesterday. 约翰喜欢打篮球，但他昨天没打。 We must hurry, or we’ll miss the train. 我们必须快点，否则会赶不上火车。 Either you come to my place or I go to yours. 或者你到我这儿来，或者我到你那去。 We had better stay at home, for it was raining. 我们最好呆在家里，因为天正在下雨。 He didn’t work hard, therefore he failed in the examination. 他学习不努力，因此这次考试不及格。 从句有：名词性从句（主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句和同位语从句） 状语从句 定语从句 简单句 并列关系and, not only…but also, neither …nor, both…and, not…but, 转折关系but,while（而，尽管） 并列句 nevertheless(然而；不过) 选择关系or, otherwise or else, either…or 因果关系for, so, thus, therefore, and so 由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成复合句 的句子叫复合句。在复合句中主句是全句的主体，从句是全句的一个成分，不能独立。 种类 连 词 关联词 that whether who what which whatever when where why how that 主 语 连接 代词 从 句 连接副词 陈述意义 宾 语 从 句 疑问意义 if whether （详细请看以下各节罗列的内容）
十、名词性从句
例 句 说 明 That he will come and help you is certain. that在引导主语从句时不可省去 他来帮助你是确实无疑的。 Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 主语从句中只能用whether不可用if。 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。 What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚。 主语从句放在句首，句子常显得笨重，因此一般 Who will win the match is still unknown. 谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。 It is known to us how he became a writer. 把它移到句子后面，前面用引导词“it”来作形式我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。 主语。 Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行，还没有宣布。 I believe(that) he is honest. 我相信他是忠诚的。 that在句中不担任任何成分，在口语或非正式的We must never think(that) we are good in everything while 文体中常被省去，但如从句是并列句时,第二个分others are good in nothing. 句前的that不可省。 我们决不能认为自己什么都好，别人什么都不好。 I wonder whether he will come or not. whether常与or not连用，不能用if代替。 我想知道他来还是不来。 作介词宾语要用whether不能用if。 Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 从句是否定句时一般用if引导。 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。 I don’t know if(whether) it is interesting. 我不知道它是否有意思。 He doesn’t care if it isn’t a fine day.他不在乎天气是否好。 15
who, whom, Please tell me what you want.请告诉我你需要什么？ which,whose, She always thinks of how she can work well. 特殊what, when, 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。 疑问where, why, She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 宾语从句作及物动词宾语也可做介词的宾语。 意义 how,whoever, 凡需要帮助的人，她都会给予热情的支持。 whatever, whichever We must make it clear that anyone who breaks the 注1 如果宾语从句后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，将law will be punished. 从句后置。 我们必须认清无论谁违反了法律都要受到惩罚。 think,believe,imagine,suppose等动词引出的宾语从句，要We don’t think you are right. 我们认为你不对。 注2 将从句中的否定形式，移到主句中。 I don’t believe he will do so. 我相信他不会这样做的。 that The problem is(that) they can’t get here early enough. 连词 whether 问题是他们不能很早到达这里。 在非正式的文体中that可以省去 as if It looks as if it’s going to rain.看起来天要下雨。 表 who That’s just what I want. 这正是我想要的。 连接 语 what The question is who(which of you) will be the next speaker. 代词 从 which 问题是谁（你们哪一位）接着发言。 句 when This is where our problem lies. 连接where 这就是我们的问题所在。 表语从句位于主句系动词之后 副词 why That is why he didn’t come to the meeting. how 那就是他为什么不到会的原因。 The news that he had landed on the moon spread all over the 同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容，常用world.他曾在月球上登陆这个消息传遍世界。 的名词如：fact, news, idea, hope, thought,question, 同 由连词that引导，I have no idea when he will come back home. order, fear, doubt, word, proof， belief, story等。 位 不担任成分，也可我不知道他什么时候回来。 语 有when, how, The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. 从 where等引导。 他想到可能玛丽生病了。 句 He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not. 他必须回答他是否同意此事这样一个问题。 特别注意what的双重功能： ①What was once regarded as impossible has now become a reality．
(what为“所……的事”，相当于“the thing that…；all that…；everything that…”)
②After ________ seemed a very long time，I opened my eye and found myself in bed．（M ET'93） A.what B.when C.that D.which (what相当于“the time that”，表示“……时间”)
③He is not what he was a few years ago. Who is it that has made Fred what he is now？ (what表示“……的人”，相当于“the person that…”)
④What is now the North Sahara Desert was once a civilized world． (what表示“……的地方”，相当于“the place that…”) ⑤Our income is now double what it was ten years ago
(what表示“……的数目”，相当于“the amount ／number that…”)
十一、状语从句 种 类 从属连词 When whenever 例 句 说 明 When I came into the room, he was writing a letter.当我进屋时，他正when指的是“某一具体的时间” 在写信。 whenever指的是“在任何时间” We shall go there whenever we are free.我们什么时间有空，我们就去那里。 I was walking along the street when suddenly someone patted me on when意为“这时”或“在那个时候”,可以the shoulder from behind.我正在街上走着，这时忽然有人从后面拍看作是并列句,这种用法的when分句一般我的肩膀。 位于句末。 While it was raining, they went out.天下雨的时候，他们出去了。 I stayed while he was away.他不在的时候我在。 He hurried home, looking behind as he went. 他赶快回家，不时地一边走一边向后看。 Be a pupil before you become a teacher.先做学生，再做先生。 He arrived after the game started.比赛开始后，他到了。 We waited till (until)he came back .我们一直等到他回来。 while指“在某一段时间里”，“在…期间”，while引导的动作必须是持续性的 as引导持续性动作，强调主句和从句的动作同时发生 如主句动词是持续性动作，常用肯定式，表示“直到…为止” 时 间 状 从 when while as before after till 16