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12.Water Pollution
①Water pollution is an undesirable change in the state of water, / polluted with harmful substances. /②It is the second most important environmental issue next to air pollution. / ③Any change in the physical, chemical or biological properties of water / will have a harmful effect on living things. / ④Water pollution affects all the major water bodies of the world / such as lakes, rivers, oceans and groundwater. / ⑤Polluted water is unfit for drinking and for other consumption processes. / ⑥It is also not suitable for agricultural and industrial use. / ⑦The effects of water pollution are harmful to human beings, plants, animals, fishes and birds. / ⑧Water problems in the future will become more intense and more complex. / ⑨Our increasing population will tremendously increase urban wastes, primarily sewage. / ⑩On the other hand, increasing demands for water / will decrease the amount of water available for dealing with wastes. /⑾Due to water pollution, the entire ecosystem gets disturbed. (150 words)
13.Health Benefits of Red Wine
①We all know drinks containing alcohol are not good for health, / but when it comes to drinking red wine, / it is the other way around. / ②Recent studies have concluded that there are no negative effects on the body, / if red wine is not consumed excessively. / ③Certain compounds in red wine can play a very important role in protecting the heart. / ④It is a heart-healthy drink that can be enjoyed during evening meals. /⑤If you think that red wine is only good for the heart, / then you are wrong. / ⑥Studies have revealed that the substance found in the skin of red grapes, / can restrict cancer's development. /⑦However, the ideal consumption is not 7 to 8 glasses of red wine. /⑧Scientific studies on the potential benefits of red wine recommend that women should not have more than one drink per day; / whereas men can have 2 drinks per day. /⑨The word \wine. (160 words)
14.How to Gain Fluency in Another Language
①To gain fluency in another language, / many people will tell you the only solution is / to travel to a foreign country and immerse yourself completely. / ②This advice may be greatly appealing for some people. / ③But for the majority of people, this solution is both inconvenient and costly. / ④Thankfully, the Internet has brought us new and exciting options for communicating in another language. / ⑤To expand your vocabulary, try reading free articles and original books in another language. /
⑥To begin with, reading may be a slow and frustrating process / as you will have to stop to look up the meanings for many unfamiliar words. / ⑦Before you begin, find an online dictionary / that will offer you quick translations. / ⑧Hearing a language is the key to learn how to speak it. / ⑨Popular music downloading sites offer free audio files / that you can download and take with you wherever you go. / ⑩And most importantly, one must actually practice speaking the language. (155 words)
Passage 15 Holidays in the US
Like other nations, the United States sets aside a number of days each year/to commemorate events, people or public occasions. /These holidays typically are marked by a general suspension of work and business activity, /and by public or religious ceremonies. /Technically, the United States does not celebrate national holidays. /However, Congress has designated 10 legal public holidays. /During such public holidays, /most federal institutions are closed and most federal employees are excused from work. /Although the individual states and private businesses are not required to observe these, /in practice all states and nearly all employers observe the majority of them. /Since 1971, a number of these holidays have been fixed on Mondays /rather than on a particular calendar date /so as to afford workers a long holiday weekend. / Meanwhile, there are some US state holidays /particular to individual US states.
Passage 16 Harvard University
Harvard College was established in 1636. /Harvard is America’s oldest institution of higher learning, /founded 140 years before the Declaration of Independence was signed./ The University has grown from nine students with a single master/to an enrollment of more than 18,000 degree candidates,/including undergraduates and students in 10 principal academic units./An additional 13,000 students are enrolled in one or more courses/in the Harvard Extension School./Over 14,000 people work at Harvard, including more than 2,000 faculty./There are also 7,000 faculty appointments in affiliated teaching hospitals./Our mission, to advance new ideas and promote enduring knowledge, has kept the University young./We strive to create an academic environment in which outstanding students and scholars from around the world /are continually challenged and inspired to do their best possible work./It is Harvard’s collective efforts that make this university such a vibrant place/to live , to learn, to work, and to explore.
17.Organic Coffee
①Today many agricultural products are grown using organic methods / and coffee is no exception. / ②Organic products have a very minimal effect on the environment / because there is no use of pesticides and fertilizers. / ③M1 organic produces are certified to ensure that / their products are grown in such a way. / ④Organic coffee is a multimillion dollar industry / and each year the sales of this coffee are increasing. / ⑤Exports of organic coffee are up in most of Europe and North America. / ⑥Organic coffee is usually grown in many countries such as Africa, Asia and South America. / ⑦All over the world people have become organic coffee drinkers, / but Americans consume the majority of it./ ⑧AI1 organic coffee products in the USA are certified for quality. /⑨The organic coffee is produced in a very specific way / and all operators are at random inspected to ensure that they meet US Department of Agriculture standards. ( 149 words)
Passage18 White Pollution
White pollution refers to plastic pollution./It is a new member of pollution family, but it grows fast./ Unrecyclable plastic lunch boxes line along railroads./Plastic shopping bags dance in the wind./When leaders are busy mapping out blueprints for the future,/one color “WHITE” from white pollution becomes their headache./Everything in the life circle deserves its place on earth./If we continue using plastic lunch boxes, shopping bags and other unrecyclable plastic products,/ what would happen?/ One day they might bury us in an ocean of white rubbish./ Then the earth, our common home, would be a dustbin./To prevent this nightmare from coming true/governments need to work closely with each other and back up their verbal commitment by action./However, it is not enough only to ask what governments can do to get rid of white pollution./We must ask ourselves what we as individuals can do to color the earth green instead of white.
19.Environmentally Friendly Cars
①Environmentally friendly cars are supposed to be the vehicles of future generations. / ②Nevertheless, such cars exist now / and are becoming more popular in the modem car market than traditional vehicles / which work on fossil fuels. / ③The advantages of such cars are not only in their lower harmfulness for the environment and people's health / but also in the lower fuel costs. / ④However, their production is rather expensive, / so it is still a controversial point / both for the
customers and the automobile manufacturers. / ⑤Although they are more expensive to buy, / they pay for themselves in a period of about 5 years / because they consume less expensive fuels. /⑥The common types of environmentally friendly ears include electric cars, fuel-cell-powered cars, crossbreed cars and solar cars. / ⑦And environmentally friendly cars have become the choice of many people / who decided to reduce the influence of burning fossil fuels on the nature. (146 words)
20.Overpopulation
①Overpopulation is the condition / where the number of organisms exceeds the carrying capacity of their habitat. / ②We are facing the effects of overpopulation in our daily lives. / ③Overpopulation has affected the life of common man / and has proved to be one of the most serious difficulties that have to be fought. / ④Overpopulation implies a shortage of resources and economic inflation. / ⑤Living through the negative effects of overpopulation / has made us realize serious problems associated with it. / ⑥It is high time we waken up / and found the causes of overpopulation and worked on them. /⑦Generally, the causes of overpopulation include decline in the death rate, rise in the birth rate, migration and lack of education. / ⑧Not every nation is capable of providing its people with the adequate amount of resources. / ⑨The ever-increasing population will eventually fail to provide its people with the resources they need to thrive. /⑩When the environment fails to accommodate the living beings that inhabit it, / over-population becomes a disaster. (160 words)
21.The Bottled Water
①The bottled water used can be sourced from public water sources, / and the purity and safety depend largely on the regulation of quality adopted within a country. /②The regulation conducted and recorded ensures that / the bottled water's quality is safe. /③The label on the bottled water container or bottle accurately reflects bottle contents, / or at least it is expected to. / ④In many developing and under-developed nations, / these standards are variable. / ⑤This makes the safety of the bottled water controversial. / ⑥There is no doubt about the convenience of bottled water relative to boiling. / ⑦However, bottled water may provide a possibility to unsafe drinking water/ only for those who can afford it. / ⑧The sales of bottled water have surpassed the sales of all other drinks, except some soft drinks. / ⑨And the bottled water companies make a good money / even though the popularity of bottled water has been criticized by environmentalist, economists and care-takers and -givers. (151 words)