发布时间 : 星期一 文章水利水电工程专业英语 - 水电站与水轮机篇 - 图文更新完毕开始阅读
The power component of the entire governor system and gate operating system consists of (1) the servomotor, a fluid-pressure-operated piston or pistons to move the wicket gates; (2) the oil pressure supply, which furnishes the power for the action of the servomotor; and (3) a control valve, which regulates oil pressure and flow of oil in the servomotor.
整个调速器系统和闸门操作系统的电力元件包括（1）伺服电动机，一个移动导水叶的流体压力操作的活塞或活塞；（2）油压供给，它为伺服电动机的运动提供电力；和（3）控制阀，它调整伺服电动机中的油压和油的流动。
The sequence of governor operation consists of the action of flyballs, which respond to the speed change and transmit motion through the system of floating levers to the pilot valve. The pilot valve equipped with relay valves causes oil pressure to be transmitted to one side or the other of the servomotor. The action of the piston of the servomotor in turn opens or closes the turbine wicket gates and regulates the flow of water to change the speed.
调速器操作序列包括离心飞摆的运动，它通过浮筒杆系统向先导阀响应速度变化和传递动作。配备配压阀的先导阀引起油压传递到伺服电动机的一边或另一边。伺服电动机活塞的运动反过来开启或关闭水轮机导叶并调节水流以改变速度。
The speed of a turbine will deviate from normal synchronous speed for a certain percentage of load change. The amount of deviation of speed will depend on (1) the time required to alter the flow of the hydraulic oil in the governor system to correspond with action necessitated by the change in load, (2) the amount of flywheel effect of the entire rotating mass of the turbine and generator, and (3) the time required for the water flow to respond to action caused by the change in the turbine operating point.
水轮机的速度会由于一定百分比的负荷变化而偏离正常的同步速度。速度偏离量取决于（1）改变调速器系统中的液压油以响应负荷变化所必需的动作所需的时间，（2）整个水轮机和调速器旋转系统的飞轮影响的数量，以及（3）水流响应由水轮机工况点变化引起的动作所需的时间。
The simple governor and control system is an isochronous governor. The isochronous governor is inherently unstable, and although some stabilization results from the characteristics of the turbine and connected load, these are generally inadequate and an additional means of stabilization effect of the inertia of the water flow in the penstock. The necessary stability is provided by feedback from the servomotor, which, by means of the dashpot, temporarily restores the control valve toward the null position, and dampens the servomotor movements. The dashpot functions with a spring-loaded valve that is mechanically linked to the servomotor and controls from the pilot valve and the flyball mechanism.
简单的调速器和控制系统是一个同步的调速器。该同步调速器本质上并不稳定，且尽管水轮机特性和连接负载之间稳定的结果，这些通常是在压力钢管中水流惯性的稳定影响的不充足和附加方法。伺服电动机提供了稳定性必需的反馈，而这通过缓冲器方法，暂时恢复向空白位置的控制阀，并抑制了伺服电动机的运动。缓冲器的运行要有一个弹簧式阀门，它机械地连接到伺服电动机并控制先导阀和离心飞摆机制。
To control the turbine speed, the governor must sense the system speed and compare it to a standard. In the case of a mechanical governor, the flyball mechanism is driven by a permanent magnet generator (PMG) attached to the generator shaft, or by a potential transformer (PT) so that any change in system speed results in a change in the flywheel mechanism’s position. In an electronic governor, the frequency may be sensed directly from a potential transformer or the output frequency of a speed signal generator (SSG) attached to the generator. The output
frequency is compared to a standard and the difference is processed electronically to drive a transducer-operator control valve.
为了控制水轮机速度，控制器必须感应系统速度并将其与某个标准比较。对于一个机械式调速器，离心飞摆机制是通过与发电机轴永磁发电机所驱动，或者通过一个电压互感器，使得系统速度的任何变化都导致飞轮机构的位置的变化。在一个电子调速器中，可能直接通过压力互感器或者速度信号发生器的输出频率而直接感应频率。将输出频率与某个标准相对比，其差别用电子处理以驱动由转换器操作的控制阀。
15. Auxiliary Equipment 15. 辅助设备
15.1 Oil-handling facilities 15.1供油设备
Present-day hydroelectric plants require a good deal of insulation oil to be poured into transformers and circuit breakers and turbine oil to be used as a working fluid in speed regulation systems and as a lubricant and a coolant for thrust and guide bearings. Basically, the oil-handling system for each grade of oil incorporates three tanks (for fresh, pure, and used oil), a system of headers, and control equipment. The headers are connected to oil-purifying installations which make it possible to purify the oil by pumping it from tank to tank or by circulation within the same tank. For purification, use is commonly made of centrifuges, filter presses, zeolite sieves, or their combinations.
今天水电站需要大量的绝缘油用于倒入变压器和断路器，以及透平油用于速度调节系统中的工作流体，以及作为推力和导向轴承的润滑和冷却剂。基本上，供油系统对每个等级的油都采用三个箱子（新鲜、纯净和使用过的油）、一个集油管系统和控制设备。集油管与油净化设备相连接，这让它可能通过从一个箱子向另一个箱子的泵送或通过在相同箱子之间的循环而净化。对于净化，通常使用离心机、压滤机、费西滤网或其组合。
The oil-handling facilities may be located within the power house (generally, under the erection site) or in an isolated building. Sometimes, the tanks may be placed outdoors.
The convey the oil to the turbo-generators and transformers, oil conduits are laid along the power house.
供油设备可能位于厂房之内（通常在安装位置以下）或在一个独立的建筑物中。有时，箱子也可能放置在户外。
将油输向涡轮发电机和变压器的油管为沿着厂房铺设。
15.2 Air-supply equipment 15.2供气设备
Hydroelectric plants require much compressed air to be supplied under various pressures for quite number of purposes. For instance, the oil-pressure systems of the turbo-generators and air-blast circuit breakers call for compressed air to be delivered under 2 to 6.3 MPa pressure. Also, the air-operated brakes, de-icing facilities, and air-operated tools need compressed air under 0.8 MPa pressure.
水电站由于很多原因须要提供大量的不同压力下的压缩空气。 比如，涡轮发电机的油压系统和空气断路器需要提供在2到6MPa压力之下的压缩空气。同事，风动闸、除冰设施以及风动工具需要在0.8MPa压力以下的压缩空气。
There is a typical air supply system. Here, the sources of high pressure are compressors which provide an ample supply of air under 7MPa pressure in air receivers. The working pressure (4 MPa for the oil-pressure systems, 2 MPa for the air-blast circuit breakers, and 0.8 MPa for the brakes and other consumers) is produced by pressure reduction as the air is passed through electromagnetic relief valves actuated by electric contact pressure gauges when the pressure falls down to 4 and 0.8 MPa in the air receivers and down to 2 MPa in the air-supply line. In the course of pressure reduction, the air is dried, whick is important for the trouble-free operation of the equipment.
有一个典型的供气系统。此处，高压的来源是压缩机，它能够提供储气罐中7MPa压力以下的广泛的空气供应。工作压力（油压系统为4 MPa、空气断路器为2 MPa，制动器和其它使用方为0.8 MPa）是通过空气的降压过程产生的，因为当储气罐中的压力降至4~0.8兆帕和供气管道压力降至2兆帕时，由电接点压力计控制驱动的电磁卸载阀才会动作并输送压缩空气。在压力减小的过程中，空气变干燥，这对于设备的无故障运行很重要。
In some designs, high- and low-pressure circuits are isolated from each other and have compressors of their own.
在一些设计中，高压和低压环路是彼此独立的，且有各自的压缩机。
An isolated air-supply system is generally used to drive the water out of the runner envelope when a turbo-generator is to work as a synchronous compensator. To this end, air compressed in an air receiver is rapidly discharged into the envelope of the runner which rotates at no-load with the wicket gates shut. The air cushion thus created causes the water level to fall, thereby eliminating the losses due to friction between the runner and the water.
一个独立的供气系统通常用于在涡轮发电机要作为同步补偿器工作时，驱动转轮室中的水。为此，储气罐中的压缩空气被迅速地排到转轮的转轮室中，此时转轮在无负荷及导水叶关闭的情况下运转。空气垫因此产生引起水位下降，因此消除了由于转轮和水流之间摩擦而产生的损失。
Sometimes, it may pay to arrange air receivers in metal-lined cavities left in the concrete structure of the power house, or use for this purpose long pipes 1.5 to 3.0m in diameter. 有时，可能要花费于厂房混凝土结构中金属内衬腔内设置储气罐，或者以此目的使用直径为1.5到3米的长管。
15.3 Process water supply 15.3自流供水系统
At major hydropower plants, the total discharge of water for cooling generators, transformers, turbine bearing lubrication, etc. may run into several cubic meters per second. For normal operation, the water pressure should be within 0.3 to 0.5 MPa, so it is not always possible to use a process water supply system in which the water flows by gravity, especially where water is supplied under head. At a low head, the pressure of water is raised by pumps. Where the head exceeds 200 to 250m, pumps are used to take water from the lower pool. At a head of 50 to 250m, use is generally made of water-jet ejectors. With the last-mentioned approach, water supplied under the existing head is passed through an ejector whose diffuser creates a vacuum. Owing to the vacuum, an additional amount of water is drawn in from the lower pool. The water
pressure at the ejector outlet is somewhat lower than at the inlet.
在主要的水电厂房中，用于冷却发电机、变压器、水轮机轴承润滑等的水量可以达到几立方米每秒。对于正常的操作，水压应该在0.3到0.5兆帕之间，所以，用水靠重力流动甚至在水头下供水的自流供水系统通常不可行。在低水头下，水压通过水泵提升。在水头超过200到250米时，用水泵从下游取水。在50到250米的水头下，通常用到喷水的喷射器。通过最后提到的方法，在已存在水头下提供的水通过一个喷射泵，其扩散器引起了真空。由于该真空，要从下游引入一定附加量的水。喷射器出口处的水压在某种程度上低于进口处。
The basic process water supply equipment consists of water intake structures (built in the piers, abutments, or spiral-case walls), filters, pumps (or ejectors), and pipelines conveying the water to the circular headers of the turbo-generators and other consumers. Waste heated water is discharged into the lower pool. Process water supply systems differ in layout from plant to plant. Sometimes, a single pump may be used to deliver water via trunk pipelines to consumers throughout the plant. In alternative designs, and individual turbo-generators may have a water supply system of its own with isolated water intakes and pumps.
基础的自流供水系统设备包括取水建筑物（修建在桥墩、坝肩或螺旋蜗壳壁内）、滤水器、水泵（或喷射泵）以及向水轮发电机和其它用水的供水环管输送水的管道。废弃的热水排入下游。不同的厂房的自流供水系统布置各不相同。有时，单独的水泵可能被用于在整个厂房中通过干管向耗水部分输送水。在备选设计以及单独的水轮发电机中，可能有其独立取水和水泵的供水系统。
15.4 Unwatering system 15.4排水系统
For maintenance and repair, the water passageway through a turbine, which is isolated from the upper and lower pool by bulkhead gates, must be appropriately unwatered. For this purpose, hydroelectric plants are equipped with suitable pumps which can unwater the passageway through a turbine in a mere four hours. The amount of water Vt in the passageway may approximately be found using experience curves. The required pump capacity (in m3s-1) is given by
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3600??为了维护和修缮，通过检修闸与上下游隔离的水轮机水流通道必须经过适当的排水。基于此，水电站配备能够在4小时内排出流道内水流的合适的水泵。在流道内的水量Vt可以用经验公式大致求出。所需的水泵容量（单位为立方米每秒）见下式：
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3600??Where Vt is the volume of the water passageway through the turbine (m3), T is estimated time of pumping-out (h), and q is the inflow discharge due to seepage through the gate adopted as 0.2*10-3 to 0.5*10-3s-1 per meter run of the gate seal.
其中Vt是通过水轮机水流通道水的体积（立方米），T是估计的抽出时间（小时），且q是由于闸门渗流而流入的流量，采用闸门密封处0.2*10-3 to 0.5*10-3s-1每米。
Multiunit hydropower plants erected on a spread foundation usually have an unwater gallery running through the entire power house. The gallery is connected by pipelines to all the draft tubes into which water is discharged from the spiral cases. The pipelines are closed by hydraulically operated valves or gates placed in a dry gallery. When a turbine needs to be
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unwatered, the valves are opened and the water is discharged into the gallery. As a result, the water level in the passageway rapidly falls, which facilitates the sealing of the gates. When the unwatering gallery is filled full, pumps installed in the power-house abutments are actuated, and the water is discharged into the lower pool.
修建在一个分散基础上的多机组水电站通常有一个贯穿这个厂房的排水廊道。该廊道通过管线与所有的尾水管相连，蜗壳的水排放到尾水管中。水管通过液压操作阀或防止在干燥廊道的闸门来关闭。当需要在水轮机中排水时，打开阀门水即可排入廊道。结果是通道中的水位迅速下降，这有利于闸门的封闭。当排水廊道被排满时，安装在厂房机台的水泵启动，将水排放到下游。
As the water leaves the turbine, the passageway is filled with air coming in through aeration pipes provided in the unwatering gallery. The aeration pipes are brought out above the upper or lower pool level and are designed to handle a maximum air speed of 40 to 50 ms-1.
随着水轮机的水的排出，通道通过排水廊道中提供的通风管进气。通风管位于上游或下游水位以上，并被设计为控制40 to 50 ms-1的最大空气速度。
When the power-house structure is too shallow to accommodate an unwatering gallery, a way out is to use a pipe header or to install pumps in the pits between the turbo-generators to take care of several units at the same time.
当厂房结构太浅而不能容纳一个排水廊道时，一个解决方法是使用管环或在水轮发电机之间的坑槽内安装水泵以同时考虑几台机组。