第三章 翻译技巧:句法翻译法

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第三章 翻译技巧:句法翻译法

第三章 翻译技巧:句法翻译法

一、名词性从句的翻译

包括:主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句

(一)主语从句

① what ,whatever ,whoever,whether ,when ,where ,how ,why 等词引导翻译时,一般可以按照英语原文顺序来翻译

例1. What he told me was only half -truth .

他告诉我的只是些半真半假的东西而已。 例2. Whatever is worth doing should be done well . 任何值得做的事情都应该做好。

例3. Whether he comes or not makes no difference .

他来不来都没有关系。

例4. When we can bengin the expedition is still a question .

我们何时才能开始这次考察仍然是悬而未决。 例5. How he is going to do it is a mystery .

他准备怎么做这个事情是个迷。

② 用it做形式主语的主语从句,把主语从句放到汉语句子最前面去翻译。 例1. It doesn’t make much difference whether he attends the meeting or not .

他参加不参加会议没有多大关系。(it没有翻译)

例2. It seemed inconceivable that the pilot could have survived the crash .

驾驶员在飞机坠毁之后,竟然还能活着,这看来是不可想象的。(it翻译为“这”) 例3. It is strange that she should have faild to see her own shortcomings .

真奇怪,她竟然没有看出自己的缺点。(it不用翻译,还可以翻译为“奇怪的是....”) (二)宾语从句

① 用that ,what ,how ,when ,which ,why ,whether ,if 等引起的宾语从句。翻译成汉语的时候,一般不需要改变它在原句中的顺序。

例1. I told him that because of the last condition ,I’d have to turn it down .

我告诉他,由于那最后一个条件,我只能谢绝。 例2. Can you hear what I say ?

你听得到我所讲的吗?

例3. I don’t know that he swam across the river .

我不知道他游过了那条河。

例4. I don’t know how he swam across the river .

我不知道他是怎么游过那条河的。

例5. He has informed me when they are to discuss my proposal .

他已经通知我他们将在什么时候谈论我的建议。 例6. Smith replied that he was sorry .

斯密斯回答说,他感到遗憾。

例7. He would remind people again that it was decided not only by himself but by lots of others .

他再三提醒大家说,决定这件事的不只是他一个人,还有其他许多人。

② 在翻译的时候,that 所引导的宾语从句一般可按英语原文顺序翻译;it有时候可以不用翻译。

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第三章 翻译技巧:句法翻译法

例1. I made it clear to them that they must hand in their papers before 10 o’clock in the morning .

我向他们讲清楚了的,他们必须在上午十时前交卷。(it没有翻译) 例2. I heard it said that he had gone abroad .

听说他已经出国了。(it没有翻译)

例3. I regard it as an honor that I am chosen to attend the meeting .

我被选参加会议,感到光荣。(it没有翻译)

例4. We consider it absolutely necessary that we should open our door to the outside world .

打开国门,实行开放,我们认为这是绝对必要的。(it翻译为“这”)

(三) 表语从句

例1. It seems that it is going to snow . 看起来要下雪了。

例2. That is why Jack got scolded .

这就是杰克受到训斥的原因。

例3. The question remains whether we can win the majority of the people .

问题是我们能否赢得大多数人民群众的支持。

例4. His view of the press was that the reporters were either for him or against him . 他对新闻界的看法是,记者们不是支持他,就是反对他。

(四) 同位语从句

能借同位语从句的名词主要有:belief (相信),fact (事实),hope (希望),idea (想法,观点),doubt (怀疑),news (新闻,消息),rumor (传闻),conclusion (结论),evidence (证据),suggestion (建议),problem (问题),order(命令),answer (回答),decision (决定),discovery (发现),explanation (解释),information (消息),knowledge (知识),law (法律),opinion (意见,观点),truth (真理,事实),promise (承诺),report (报告),thought (思想),statement (声明),rule (规定),possibility (可能)等。

① 一般来说,同位语从句可以直接翻译在主语后面。

例1. He expressed the hope that he would come over to vosit China again . 他表示希望再到中国来访问。 例2. There is a possibility that he is a spy . 有可能他是一个间谍。

② 有时候在翻译同位语从句时,可以将其放在所修饰的名词前面,相当于前置的修饰语,但不一定使用定语的标志词“的”。

例1. We know the fact that bodies possess weight . 我们都知道物体具有重量这一事实。

例2. The rumor that he was arrested was unfounded . 关于他被捕的传闻是没有根据的。

③ 增加“即”(或者“以为”、“这样”)的词来连接,或用冒号、破折号直接分开主语和同位语从句。

例1. But this dose not in any way allter the fact that they are now ,from a practical point of view ,irrational .

但这却丝毫改变不了一个事实,即从实用的观点来看,他们今天仍是不合理的。 例2. We have reached the conclusion that practice is the criterion for testing truth . 我们已经得出这样的结论:实践是检验真理的唯一标准。

例3. Not long ago ,the scientists made an exciting discovery that this waste material could be turned into plastics .不久前,科学家们获得一个令人振奋的发现—可以把这种废物变成塑料。

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第三章 翻译技巧:句法翻译法

二、定义从句的翻译

重要性:绝对重点,绝对难点,绝对要掌握

翻译考点重要性排序:定语从句>状语从句>被动结构>名词性从句 英语中定语从句的分类:限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句

(一)前置法 把定语从句翻译到所修饰的先行词前面,可以用“的”来连接。 例1. He who has never tasted what is better dose not konw what is sweet .

没吃过苦得人不知道什么是甜。

例2. Space and oceans are the new world which scientists are trying to explore .

太空和海洋是科学家们努力探索的新领域。

例3. His laughter ,which was infectious ,broke the silence .

他那富有感染力的笑声打破了沉寂。

(二)后置法 把定语从句翻译在所修饰的先行词后面,翻译为并列分句。 1. 重复先行词

例1. I told the story to John ,who told it to his brother .

我把这件事告诉了约翰,约翰又告诉了他的弟弟。

例2. We wish to express our satisfaction at this to the Special Committee whose activities deserve to be encouraged .

在此我们对特别委员会表示满意,特别委员会的工作应该受到鼓励。

例3. You ,whose predecessors scored initial success in astronomical research ,have acquired a greater accomplishment in this respect .

我们的先辈在天文研究方面取得了初步的成功,而你们现在则在这一方面获得了更大的成就。

例4. Although he lacks experience ,he has enterprise and creativity ,which are decisive in achieving success in the area .

他虽然经验不足,但有进取心和创造力,而这正是在这一领域获得成功的关键。 2. 省略先行词

例1. It is he who received the letter that announced the death of your uncle .

是他接到那封信,说你的叔叔去世了。

例2. They work out a new method by which production has now been rapidly increased .

他们制定出一种新方案,采用之后生产已迅速得到提高。

(三) 融合法 把定语从句和它所修饰的先行词结合在一起翻译。 例1. There is a man downstairs who wants to see you . 楼下有人要见你。

例2. In our factory ,there are many people who are much interested in the new invention . 在我们工厂里,许多人对这项新发明很感兴趣。

例3. We used a plane of which almost every part carried some indication of national identity . 我们驾驶的飞机几乎每一个部件都有一些国籍标志。

例4. She had a balance at her banker’s which would have made her beloved anywhere . 她在银行里的存款足以使她到处受到欢迎。

(四) 状译法 把定语从句翻译成汉语中的状语从句

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第三章 翻译技巧:句法翻译法

1. 译成表示“时间”的分句

例1. A driver who is driving the bus mustn’t talk with other or be absent-minded .

司机在开车时,不许和人谈话,也不能走神。 2. 译成表示“原因”的分句

例1. He showed no further wish for conversation with Mrs .Smith ,who was now more than usually insolent and disagreeable.

他似乎不愿再和史密斯太太讲话,因为她现在异常无礼,令人厌烦。 3. 译成表示“条件”的分句

例1. Men become desperate for work ,any work ,which will help them to keep alive their families .

人们极其迫切地要求工作,不管什么工作,只要能维持一家人的生活就行。 4. 译成表示“让步”的分句

例1. He insisted on buying another house ,which he had no use for .

尽管他并没有这样的需要,他坚持要再买一幢房子。 5. 译成表示“目的”的分句

例1. He wish to write an article that will attract the public attention to the matter .

为了引起公众对这一事件的注意,他想写一篇文章。 例2. He is collecting authentic material that proves his argument .

为了证明他的论点,他正在收集确凿的材料。 6. 译成表示“结果”的分句

例1. They tried to stamp out the revolt ,which spread all the more furiously throughout the country .

他们企图镇压反抗,结果反抗愈来愈烈,遍及全国。 7. 译成表示“转折”的分句

例1. She was very patient towards the children ,which her huaband seldom was .

她对孩子们很耐心,而她的丈夫却很少这样。

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