发布时间 : 星期三 文章2017-2018学年上海市建平中学高一第二学期期末考试英语试卷分析更新完毕开始阅读
Sparrow restaurants were extremely positive about the chain, while customers of other fast－food chains were unwilling to turn away from them...”可知，其他连锁店的顾客不愿离开他们的连锁店，此处，turn away from 表示“从……处走开”，所以from之后应该表示主语的原始位置，故选D项。 3.【答案】A
【分析】推理判断题。根据原文 “...Such an attempt to establish a positive relationship between a company and the general public was unusual for that time....”可以得知“……公司想建立跟大众的友好关系”。故正确答案A。 4.【答案】B
【分析】主旨大意题。 根据原文最后一段， “their efforts paid off”意为“他们的努力得到了回报”， Sparrow不久成为该地区最成功的快餐店之一。所以正确答案是B；C选项和D选项未涉及。
(C)
Earlier this year a series of papers in The Lancet reported that 85 percent of the $265 billion spent each year on medical research is wasted. No follow-up investigations ensue to replicate or expand on a discovery. No one uses the ?ndings to build new technologies.
The problem is not just what happens after publication-scientists often have trouble choosing the right questions and properly designing studies to answer them. Too many neuroscience studies test too few subjects to arrive at ?rm conclusions. Researchers publish reports on hundreds of treatments for diseases that work in animal models but not in humans. Drug companies ?nd themselves unable to reproduce promising drug targets published by the best academic institutions. The growing recognition that something has gone awry in the laboratory has led to calls for, as one might guess, more research on research (aka, meta-research)-attempts to ?nd protocols that ensure that peer-reviewed studies are, in fact, valid.
It will take a joint effort by scientists and other stakeholders（相关利益者） to fix this problem. We can do so by exploring ways to make scientific investigation more reliable and efficient. These may include collaborative team science,
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study registration, stronger study designs and statistical tool, and better peer review, along with making scientific data widely available so that others can replicate experiments. therefore building trust in the conclusions of those studies. Reproducing other scientists analyses or replicating their results has too often in the past been looked down on with a kind of me-too derision（嘲笑） that would waste resources－but often they may help avoid false leads that would have been even more wasteful. Perhaps the biggest obstacle to replication is the inaccessibility of data and results necessary to rerun the analyses that went into the original experiments Searching for such information can be extremely difficult. Investigators die, move and change jobs: computers crash; online links malfunction. Data are sometimes lost—even, as one researcher claimed when confronted about spurious（伪造的）results, eaten by termites（白蚁）.
There has definitely been some recent progress. An increasing number of journals, including Nature and Science, have adopted measures such as checklists for study design and reporting while improving statistical review and encouraging access to data. Several funding agencies. Meanwhile, have asked that researchers outline their plans for sharing data before they can receive a government grant.
But it will take much more to achieve a lasting culture change. Investigators should be rewarded for performing good science rather than just getting statistically significant(“positive\ but nonreplicable results. Revising the present incentive(激励)structure may require changes on the part of journals, funders, universities and other research institutions.
1. What is the problem reported in those papers in The Lancer? A Great achievements in medical research failed to get published. B. Money was wasted on follow-up investigations in medical research. C. Too many new research findings are not put into use after publication D. Few scientists are devoted to building new technologies for mankind.
2. Which of the following situation is most similar to the problem described in paragraph 2? A. A high school decides to cut its art programs due to the lack of fund.
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B. A patient gets sicker because he does not follow the doctors advice
C. A marketing firm tests a website with participants that are not target population D A drug company fails to produce the new drug due to no access to the latest data 3. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? A. Measures are taken to ensure publication of tested results only B. Scientific experiments must be replicable to be considered valid C. Experiment replication is unoriginal and not worthwhile D.Rewards should be given only to those nonreplicable findings 4. The purpose of this article is to
A. argue that scientific research lacks efficient B explain the result of a recent scientific study C. introduce some recent progress in medical research D. highlight the possible problems of research studies 1.【答案】C
【分析】细节理解题。根据第一段“No follow-up investigations ensue to replicate or expand on a discovery. No one uses the ?ndings to build new technologies.”可知研究结果并没有被投入使用，故C正确。 2.【答案】C
【分析】细节理解题。第二段“研究人员发表了数百项治疗动物模型而非人类疾病的报告。”可推出C选项正确。 3.【答案】B
【分析】推理判断题。第三段“These may include collaborative team science, study registration, stronger study designs and statistical tool, and better peer review, along with making scientific data widely available so that others can replicate experiments. therefore building trust in the conclusions of those studies.”意为“ 这些可以包括协作团队科学、研究注册、更强的研究设计和统计工
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具，以及更好的同行评审，以及使科学数据广泛可用，以便其他人可以复制实验。因此，在这些研究的结论中建立信任。”可得出B选项正确。 4.【答案】D
【分析】主旨大意题。 阅读全文可得知，文章旨在强调目前研究可能存在的问题，故D选项正确。
Section C
Directions: Fill in each blank in the article with a proper sentence given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note there are two more sentences than you need.
A.Information is available in a wide variety of reading levels because magazines are written for every audience imaginable. B.By allowing your child to read magazines at an early age, you are encouraging development of a useful skill. C. Keep interesting magazine Pictures to give children story ideas. D. These projects are for family members of all ages E. Many publications cover the same material in different writing styles that might make it easier for your child to comprehend F. The articles in magazines are generally short.
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