英语语法

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They have already left. They have already been repaired. (2)常用的频度副词(always,usually,often,sometimes,never...)的位置通常放在一般动词前面,be 动词后面,助动词和实意动词之间。 They always come early. Sam often writes homework at 7:00.

第十五讲 不定量表达法 (1)

不定量表达法:some,any,most,every,all

(1)some,any都表示“一些”some主要用于肯定句,希望得到肯定回答时,也可用在疑问句中,any主要用在否定和疑问句中。

-I’d been expecting some letters the whole morning,but there weren’t any for me. (2)most作形容词时表示大部分的,后面接复数名词。 -Most people here are from China. (3)every表示“每一个,所有”后面接单数名词。 -Every one likes the film. (4)all表示“所有”,后面接可数名词复数,不可数名词单数。 -All the cars are parked in the parking lot. -All the coffee is served on time.

第十六讲 不定量表达法 (2)

(1)both表示两者都,可作形容词,代词和副词,either是两者之一,neither是两者都不。 -Both his eyes were severely burned(严重烧伤). -There are trees on either side of the street. -Neither answer is correct. (2)many修饰可数名词,表示“许多”,much修饰不可数名词,表示“许多”。A lot of[lots of],plenty of 均可修饰可数和不可数名词。 Many books Much water

A lot of/lots of books/water

第十七讲 不定量表达法 (3)

(1)a few,为肯定含义“几个”,few,为否定含义“没几个”,两个词均可和可数名词连用。 -A few books are put into the box.箱子里放了几本书。 -Few books are put into the box.箱子里没有放书。

(2)a little为肯定含义“一点儿”,little为否定含义“没多点”,两词均可和不可数名连用。 -There is a little water in the bottle.瓶子里面有一点水。 -There is little water in the bottle.瓶子里面没有一点水。

(3)none和no one的意思相同,主要作代词,翻译为“一个也不,一点也不”但用法不同。 1)none可连接of短语,动词可用单数也可用复数。 2)No one不能接of短语,动词只能用单数。 -No one knows the answer.没有一个人知道答案。

-None of us have(has)arrived.我们当中没有任何一个人到了。

第十八讲 There/Here be 句型

(1)There/here+(be)根据上下文,有多种翻译方法,可以翻译成“有”,“是”,be动词根据后面的名词有单复数变化。

-There is a book on the bookshelf. 有一本书在书架上。

-There are some book on the bookshelf. 有一些书在书架上。 -Here is the bus stop. 这是汽车站。 -Here are your books. 这是你的书。

第十九讲 一般现在时和现在进行时

(1)一般现在时,表示通常性、规律性、习惯性的状态或者动作。主语是单数第三人称时,动词有单三的变化,主语是非第三人称单数时,动词为原形。 1.They often get up at 7:00. 2.He often gets up at 7:00.

一般现在时,动词的单三变化:

1)在动词尾直接加-s,如play——plays

2)以字母s、x、ch或o结尾的动词加-es,如guess——guesses

3)以辅音字母+y结尾的动词,先变y为i,再加-es,如:study——studies 一般现在时否定和疑问句用do,does帮助构成。 1.He doesn’t like the car. 2.-Does he like the car? -Yes,he does./No,he does.

(2)现在进行时表示现在正在进行或发生的动作。句中通常有now等时间副词呼应,基本构成形式为be+doing. 1.They are watching TV. 2.He is watching TV. 3.I am watching TV.

动词现在分词的变化规律;

1.一般情况下,直接在动词后加-ing如:work-working. 2.动词以不发音的-e结尾,要去e加ing,如:take-taking. 3.重读闭音节的动词,要双写词尾字母再加-ing.如cut-cutting. 4.以-ie结尾的动词,变y再加-ing。如:lie-lying.

现在进行时变否定句和疑问句时,将be动词否定或提前。 1.They aren’t watching TV. Are they watching TV? 2.He isn’t watching TV? Is he watching TV? 3.Am I watching TV?

Yes,you are. No,You aren’t.

第二十讲 一般过去和过去进行时

(1)一般过去时表示过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态;过去习惯性、经常性的行为。

基本结构:主语+动词过去式+其他,一般动词在动词后面加ed,还有一些不规则动词不规则变化。 play-played come-came 1,He worked very hard last night.

2.They came here by car.

动词一般过去时变化规则:

(1)一般在动词后加-ed。如:play-played

(2)在以字母e结尾的动词后,只加-d。如:like-liked

(3)在以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词后,改y为i。如supply-supplied.

(4)在以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词后,双写最后一个辅音字母,再加-ed。如:plan-planned

(2)过去进行时表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间内进行或发生的动作。 其形式为was/were+doing. 1.They were waiting for you. 2.He was talking with his friends just now.

第二十一讲 将来时

(1)一般将来时表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态,或将来某一段时间内经常发生的动作或状态。常常和表示将来的时间状语连用。如:tomorrow,next week,in the future. (2)“助动词will或shall+动词原形”,表示将来发生的事情。 1.They will go to Shanghai by ship tomorrow. 2.We shall leave for Shanghai next month.

(3)“be going to + 动词原形”用来表示近期或事先考虑过的将要发生的动作以及已有迹象表明必将发生某事,意为“打算;将要”。 1.They are going to play football this afternoon. 2.She is going to learn French next year. (4)“be doing”表示位置转移的动词。如:go,come,leave,start,arrive,可用现在时表示将来时。 1.They are leaving for Japan. 2.She is arriving tomorrow.

第二十二讲 完成时

(1)现在完成时(have+p.p),动作过去发生,已经完成,对现在造成影响或后果,动作可能还会持续,可使用的时间状语为:already(已经)和yet(还)。 1.They have already arrived in Shanghai. 2.She has played soccer for 3 hours. 3.She hasn’t finished the homework yet.

(1)过去完成时(had+p.p),表示句中的动作在过去之前,即过去的过去,已经完成,对过去造成了一定的影响或后果。 1.They had arrived in Shanghai. 2.She had played soccer for 3 hours. 3.They hadn’t finished the work yet.

第二十三讲 动词的用法

动词根据功能分为四类:实意动词、系动词、助动词、情态动词

(1)动词有数量和时态的变化,时态通常有三大时态:现在,过去和将来时。 (2)根据动作进行的状态可分为:一般时,进行时和完成时。

(3)使用动词时通常将(1)和(2)结合,例如:一般现在时,过去进行时~ 1.He goes to school every day. 2.He went to hospital last night. 动词形态变化总结: 动词原形 单三 Play plays Have Go has goes 现在分词 playing having going 过去式 played had went 过去分词 played had gone 第二十四讲 [情态动词 (1)] can/could/may/might

(1)can/could表示能力,用be able to代替can/could现在/过去的能力客观可能性(can的可能性大)表示请求和允许。翻译成:“能”“可能” 1.He can/could/is able to swim. 2.He can/could come tomorrow. 3.Can/could I stay here?

(2)may/might表示可能性,may的可能性大,请求、允许,might更委婉。 口语中常用的回答:-Yes,please.

-No,you can’t/mustn’t(禁止,不准). 1.He may/might come here by bus. 2.-May/might I join you?

-Yes,please./No,you can’t/Np,you mustn’t.

第二十五讲 [情态动词 (2)]should/ought to/must

(1)must/have to表示必须、必要。(must表示主观多一些,而have to则表示客观多一些) Have to 有时态和数量的变化。

Must和have to 二者的否定意义大不相同 如: You mustn’t go.你不准去。

You don’t have to go.你不必去。 1.You must get up early.

2.It’s going to rain,I have to go home now.

(2)Should表示劝告、建议、命令,其同义词是ought to ; should强调主观看法,而ought to强调客观要求。在疑问句中,通常用should代替ought to. 1.You should/ought to do the job right now. 2.Should they stay here now?

第二十六讲 [情态动词 (3)]need/don't have to (1)need:”需要” A.情态动词

B.实意动词,有第三人称单数和时态的变化,后面可加带to 的不定式。 情态动词:

1.He need come here early. 2.He needn’t come here early. 3.-Need he come here early? -Yes,he need./No,he needn’t. 实意动词:

1.He needs to come here early.

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