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句法知识
Step 1 分析下列句子
1.Reality is not the way you wish things to be, nor the way they appear to be, but the way they actually are.
2. In the silence for the pauses, we could hear each other’s breathing and could almost hear our own heartbeats.
3. Polar bears live mostly on sea ice, which they use as a platform for hunting seals.
4. The biggest problem for most plants, which can’t just get up and run away when threatened, in that animals like to eat them. Step 2 句子的种类
（一）按使用目的可分为:陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句. 1）陈述句:说明一个事实或陈述一种看法.
1)光比声速度快. 2)这部电影很乏味. 2）疑问句:提出问题,有以下四种: A. 一般疑问句:
你能按时完成工作吗？ B. 特殊疑问句:
什么使得你如此伤心？
你怎么知道那件事？ C. 选择疑问句:
你是要茶还是要咖啡？ D. 反意疑问句:
他不认识她,对不对？ ? 3）祈使句:提出请求,建议或发出命令，省略主语you的句子。
Work hard, and you will succeed. 4）感叹句:表示说话人惊奇、喜悦、愤怒等情绪.由how 和what引导 多好的消息啊！ （二）句子按其结构可以分为:简单句、并列句、复合句. Ex 判断下列句式
A Both my wife and I are from Beijing.
B My father and mother go to work at 7 in the morning. C He likes playing basketball while I like playing volleyball. D Remember to write to your parents as soon as you get there.
E . Peter received a letter just now saying his grandma would come to see him soon. F . No person shall smoke or carry a lighted cigarette，cigar or pipe in this area．” G The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons finished for the day. 1）简单句:只含一个主谓结构.
她喜欢集邮.
2）并列句:含两或两个以上主谓结构,句间由并列连词或分号 连接.
食物很精美,但他却没什么胃口. 3）复合句:含一个主句和一个或几个从句,从句由从属连词引导.
我们到达电影院的时候,电影已经开演了.
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（三）简 单 句 1）主+动（SV）
2）主+系 +表（SVP） 3）主+动 +宾（SVO）
4）主+动 +间宾 +直宾（SVOiOd） 5）主+动 +宾 +补（SVOC） 6）There be 句型
六种基本句型（基本句型:英语中千变万化的句子归根结底都是由以下五种基本句型组合、扩展、变化而来的）: 1）主+动（SV）I work.
2）主+系 +表（SVP）Things are getting better. She turned doctor.
表状态存在的系动词：be, seem, appear, prove, look, smell, taste, sound, feel 表状态延续：remain, stay, keep, continue
表状态变化：become, grow, get, come, go, turn 3）主+动 +宾（SVO）She studies English.
4）主+动 +间宾 +直宾（SVOiOd） My mother made me a new dress.
双及物动词有：give, send, teach, bring, show, tell, make, sing, sell, read etc. 5）主+动 +宾 +补（SVOC）I saw him come into the house yesterday. 能带宾补的动词：
1）感官动词：see, watch, look at, observe, notice, feel, find, hear, listen to 2）使让动词：have, make, let, get, force
3）其它：want, wish expect, allow, permit, forbid, ask, order, advise etc.判断下列句子属于何种句式
1)You are sitting on the train home. 2)There comes the bus !
3)The ego’s potential for expansion is limitless.
4)Breckenridge hosts the international Snow Sculpture Championships. 5)There existed a nation in the ocean.
6)Our neighbors gave us a baby bird yesterday. 7)We think it our duty to study well. 改错：
1)What lovely children are ! 2)What a fine weather it is !
3)There used to have an old temple over there. 4)Come here a moment, do you?
5)To try some of this juice--- perhaps you’ll like it . 6)May you happy!
7)Tom, cleans the window this afternoon. 8)He looked sad at me. 五种基本句型的推导：
1 英语句子必须有谓语动词。
他像他爸爸。 这本书值得一读。 我反对你的意见。
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2 一个句子内有且只有一个动词充当谓语（并列谓语除外），其余动词应为非谓语或从句的谓语。
他给我一些水喝。 3 英语的任何句子都由五种基本句型构成。它是我们判断句子正确与否的标准，是英语写作、阅读的基础。
4 注意基本句型与习惯表达。
今天我玩得很开心。 时间不够了。 Revision Exercises :
1. 把下列简单句按基本句型分类：
No body is here. / 2. He passed me a cup of tea. / 3. Tom doesn’t know the pop star. / 4.My mother stays at home. / 5. The milk tastes good. / 6. The car caught fire. / 7. The teacher has told me the fact. / 8. He is reading a book. / 9. He gave me a lecture yesterday. / 10. She is very friendly./ 11. I can swim. / 12. I have had a good time / 13. I found him talking. / 14. This English book is very interesting. 主 + 谓 ：（ ） 主 + 谓 + 宾 ：（ ） 主 + 系 + 表 ： ( ) 主 + 谓 + 双宾 ：( ) 主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾补 ：( ) 2. 更正下列句子的错误 Exercises :
1. He came the room. 2. The music sounds. 3. I have seen.
4. He gave a pen me.
5. The boss made the boy to work hard. 6. My father bought a book to me. . Exercises :
3. 翻译下列句子并分析句子结构：
1. 我经常在早晨读英语。 2. 玛丽是个聪明的学生。
3. 我的老师交给我一封信 4. 我母亲经常叫我努力学习。 5. 我们叫我们的老师王先生 6. 他正在房里做家庭作业。 四）并列句:把两个或几个简单句用并列连词连接起来的句子。 四种类型
1. 由and, not only …but also…, neither…nor…, then…连接；表同等概念。 Not only do the nurses want a pay increase, but also they want reduced hours. 2. 由either…or…, or, otherwise等连接；表选择 Either she leaves or I will.
3. 由but, still, yet, however, while, when, whereas, nevertheless 等连接；表转折。
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My mother likes coffee while my father likes tea. 4. 由so, for, therefore 等连接；表因果。
He found it difficult to read, for his eyes were failing. Exercises : 注意逻辑关系
1. Give him an inch he’ll take an ell.
A. but B. and C. for D. so 2. did the students dance, their teacher sang.
A. Neither… or… B. Either …or… C. Both…and… D. Not only…but also… 3. Feathers fall to the ground slowly stones fall much faster. A. and B. while C. but D. yet
4. We must get up early tomorrow, we’ll miss the first bus to the Great. A. however B. but C. or D. so 5. He worked hard, he failed.
A. while B. and C. so D. yet
6. I thought we’d be late for the concert, ______ we ended up getting there ahead of time.
7. Search the website of the Fire Department in your city, _____you will learn a lot about Firefighting.
8. They were surprised that a child should work out the problem _____they themselves couldn’t. 9. I was just about to lie down to rest _______I saw a snake in the grass.
五）句子的连接和标点符号
1、句号连接两个并列句子，第二个句子的首字母大写。 My name is Tom. I am five.
2、分号连接两个并列分句，第二个句子的首字母不大写。 Tom is five; he studies in a primary school.
3、引号前用逗号而不用冒号，英语中没有书名号。 Tom said, “ The movie Titanic is wonderful!” 重点：逗号的运用。
1、 逗号连接内部结构，即句子的状语（从句），定语（从句），同位语（从句）插入语等。 请为下列句子加上逗号
1). Since he is ill he is absent. 请为下列句子加上逗号
2). To save class time our teacher has us students do half of the exercises in class. 3). Polar bears live mostly on sea ice which they use as a platform for hunting seals. 4). The workers most of them women are from the country. 2. 逗号加连词相当于句号，连接两个并列句子。 I am five, and I study in a primary school. Translate the sentences (注意标点）:
我走进教室，看见他正在读书，我没有打扰他，拿了书就出了教室。
When I came into the classroom, I saw him reading. I took my book and went out, without interrupting him.
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