初中化学教学中对“元素观、结构观、守恒观 ”培养研究000

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Yibin University

本科生毕业论文

题目初中化学教学中对“元素观、结构观、守恒观”的培养研究 系别化学与化工学院 专业化学 学生姓名康敏

学号110701036 年级2011级 指导教师濮江职称讲师

2015年5月11日

摘要

化学是研究物质的组成、性质、结构与变化规律的基础自然学科。为了培养和发展中学生的科学思维能力,树立科学的世界观和方法论,中学教学中应从简单的“知识传授”转变为从“位、构、性”三方面掌握物质的组成、性质、结构与变化。“位”即元素观:100多种化学元素可以组成2000多万种化学物质,理解为物质的多样性与统一性。“构”即结构观:物质具有特定的结构,物质之间的反应也存在着密切的关联,人们对化学物质的认识从探讨宏观的元素组成到深入研究结构以及物质体系。“性”即守恒观:在整个反应中物质的元素、质量、能量却保持不变。本文中统称为“三观”。

本论文以中学生化学“三观”的培养为主题,对“三观”的基本内涵、三大特征、建构价值、内容载体、培养策略等作出研究,为中学化学教学中实施培养“三观”提供理论和指导。本论文共六个部分:

第一部分,研究意义为达到新课程改革目标,而培养中学生化学“三观”。 第二部分,“三观”培养的理论依据综述。对国内外培养观念的理论成果梳理,为后文建立理论依据。

第三部分,构建“三观”培养理论。研究“三观”的基本内涵、特征、价值和内容载体。

第四部分,找出影响化学“三观”培养的因素,为培养“三观”打下基础。 第五部分,“三观”为本的教学设计 第六部分,对“三观”的结论与展望。

本论文的创新点是构建了“三观”培养的理论以及教学设计策略,为课堂教学提供了依据。同时从理论与实践相结合的角度,提出了“三观”培养的教学设计与策略,使“三观”培养的中学化学教学具有可操作性。 关键词“三观”;观念为本;教学策略;教学设计

I

Abstract

Chemistry is the study of material composition, properties, structure and changing the basis of natural science. In order to cultivate and develop students' scientific thinking ability, establish the scientific world outlook and methodology in the teaching of middle school, from the simple \aspects of\is: it has been found that the elements of the concept of human and the synthesis of about 20000000 kinds of chemical substances, but only 100 kinds of chemical elements, understand material diversity and unity. The concept of \structure: material having a specific structure, material reaction between are closely related, understanding of the chemical composition of the elements from the macro to in-depth study of the structure and material system. \whole reaction in the elements, quality, energy remains constant. This paper referred to as \

This thesis is to train students \characteristics, value, construction of three major content carrier, training strategy to study, as in Chemistry Teaching in middle school culture \provide theoretical guidance and ideas\

The first part, the significance of the study in order to achieve the goal of new curriculum reform, and train students \

The second part, \theoretical basis of training through\The concept of culture theory combing at home and abroad, to establish a theoretical basis for the.

The third part, the construction of \Outlooks\training theory. Study on the \

The fourth part, to find out the influence of chemical \the foundation for training through\

The fifth part, \

The sixth part, conclusion and prospect, summarizes the conclusions.

The innovation of this paper is mainly reflected in two aspects: first, construct the theory of \teaching. Second, from the angle of combining theory with practice, put forward \design and strategy through\culture, the \training middle school chemistry teaching has maneuverability.

Keywords \

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目 录

摘 要 ..................................................................................................... I Abstract ...................................................................................................... II 第1章 绪论............................................................................................... 1

1.1 “三观”培养是新课程改革目标的要求(2011版新课标) .......................... 1

1.2 中学化学“三观”培养研究的现状 .................................................................. 3 1.3 研究的意义...................................................................................................... 4

第2章研究理论基础 ................................................................................ 4

2.1 布鲁纳的“学科结构”理论 .............................................................................. 4

2.1.1 布鲁纳的“学科结构”观 ........................................................................ 5 2.1.2 布鲁纳的“学科结构”理论对“三观”培养的启示 ................................ 5 2.2 建构主义学习理论.......................................................................................... 6

2.2.1 建构主义学习观.................................................................................... 6 2.2.2 建构主义学习理论对“三观”培养的启示 ............................................ 6

第3章“三观”培养的理论建构 ................................................................. 7

3.1 “三观”的基本内涵 ........................................................................................... 7

3.1.1 元素观[10] ............................................................................................. 7 3.1.2 结构观[11] ............................................................................................. 8 3.1.2 守恒观.................................................................................................... 8 3.2 “三观”的三大特征 ........................................................................................... 9

3.2.1 内容的概括性........................................................................................ 9 3.2.2 观念的层次性........................................................................................ 9 3.2.3 社会的共有性........................................................................................ 9 3.3 “三观”的建构价值 ......................................................................................... 10

3.3.1 “三观”的培养有利于形成化学的思维方法 ....................................... 10 3.3.2 “三观”的培养有利于对物质世界形成有序的认识 ........................... 10

第4章化学教学中影响“三观”形成的因素 ..................................... 12

4.1 影响“三观”形成的内在因素 ........................................................................ 12

4.1.1 中学生对化学学习的兴趣.................................................................. 12 4.1.2 中学生的认知内驱力.......................................................................... 12 4.1.3 中学生的思维方式.............................................................................. 13 4.2 影响“三观”形成的外在外素 ........................................................................ 13

4.2.1 课本中内容的呈现方式...................................................................... 13 4.2.2 化学课堂的开放性程度...................................................................... 14 4.2.3 教师对“三观”的认识清晰度 .............................................................. 14

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