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教材练习答案及听力原文
Unit 1 WARMING UP ?Answers: 1 Archimedes, Ancient Greek (287-212 BC) He was a mathematician. He found that if you put an object into water the water pushes the object up. It rises and partly floats. The force of the water pushing it up is the same as the weight of the object. 2 Charles Darwin, British (1808-1882) The Origin of Species was published in 1859. It explained how plants and animals had changed over time to fit in with a changing environment. At the time it was published it was very controversial. Many people believed the Bible when it said that God made the first two people (Adam and Eve) and that all other people came from these two. Darwin’s book showed that people had developed from apes instead. So this caused a lot of argument between religious and scientific people. However Darwin’s idea became very influential and is still accepted today. 3 Thomas Newcomen, British (1663-1729) He improved the first steam pump built by Thomas Savery in 1698 and turned it into a steam engine for taking water out of mines in 1712. James Watt improved it still further in the 1770s turning it into the first modern steam engine used on the railways. 4 Gregor Mendel, Czech (1822-1884) He grew pea plants and developed ideas on heredity and inherited characteristics. He concentrated on cross-fertilising pea plants and analyzing the results. Between 1856-1863 he grew 28,000 pea plants. He examined seven kinds of seed and plant characteristics and developed some laws of inheritance. The first is that inheritance factors do not combine but are passed to the next generation intact. Second, he found that each partner gives half the inherited factors to the young. Third, some of these factors show up in the offspring (and so are dominant). The other factors are masked by the dominant ones (and so are recessive). 5 Marie Curie, Polish and French (1867-1934) She was born in Poland and came to study in France in 1891 and she lived there for the rest of her life. In 1898 she discovered radium. She received two Nobel prizes, one (with Pierre Curie) for physics (1903) and one for chemistry (1911). She is the only person to have been so honoured. On the death of her husband she took over his job at the Sorbonne in Paris. Her work on radioactivity and the discovery of radium meant that she began a new scientific area of research. She was the first woman to receive a Nobel Prize and the first woman to teach at the Sorbonne. 6 Thomas Edison, American (1847-1931) He was already an inventor of other electrical devices (phonograph, electric light bulb) when in 1882 he designed a system for providing New York with electricity from a central power station. This was a tremendous achievement, which had previously been thought impossible. 7 Leonardo da Vinci, Italian (1452-1519) He
was a famous artist whose skill for showing human skin tones made his paintings seem to come alive. He used to study dead people in order to make his paintings as accurate as possibile. Some of his famous paintings include “The Adoration of the Magi” and the “The Last Supper”. Later in his life he lived in France where he designed a submarine and a flying machine.
8 Sir Humphry Davy, British (1778-1829) He did research into different gases and discovered the medicinal value of nitrous oxide (or laughing gas) as an anaesthetic. In 1815 he developed a safety lamp for miners. Previously there had been many accidents when candles on the miners’ helmets had exploded when it came into contact with underground gas from the coal the miners were digging. The safety helmet made working underground very much safer.
9 Zhang Heng, Chinese (78-139) He invented the first seismograph to indicate in the direction of an earthquake. It was in the shape of a cylinder with eight dragon heads round the top, each with a ball in its mouth. Around the bottom were eight frogs directly under a dragon’s head. When an earthquake occurred, a ball fell out of the dragon’s mouth, making a noise.
10 Stephen Hawking, British (1942-) He has worked in astronomy and studied black holes in space. He has shown that black holes do not only absorb everything around them but, from time to time, throw out matter as well. This may mark the beginning of new galaxies. This is an advance on the old theory which said that black holes “eat” everything they come across. COMPREHENDING
?Answer key for Exercise 1:
1 An outbreak of cholera hit London in 1854.
2 John Snow began to test two theories. 3 John Snow investigated two streets where the outbreak was very severe.
4 John Snow marked the deaths on a map. 5 He found that most of the deaths were near a water pump.
6 He had the handle removed from the water pump.
7 He announced that the water carried the disease.
8 King Cholera was defeated. ?Answer key for Exercise 2:
1 John Snow finally proved his idea because he found an outbreak that was clearly related to cholera, collected information and was able to tie cases outside the area to the polluted water.
2 No. The map helped John Snow organize his ideas. He was able to identify those households that had had many deaths and check their water-drinking habits. He identified those houses that had had no deaths and surveyed their drinking habits. The evidence clearly pointed to the polluted water being the cause.
3 Three diseases, which are similar today, are SARS, AIDS and bird flu, because they are serious, have an unknown cause and need public health care to solve them. ?Sample summary for Exercise 3:
John Snow wanted to find the cause of cholera. He believed that people became ill after eating infected food. He used the next outbreak of cholera to test his idea. He studied a small area of houses which got their water from the same pump. Many people in the area died. John Snow showed that this was because the water in the pump was infected. He showed that cholera could be defeated if people drank clean water.
LEARNING ABOUT LANGUAGE
Discovering useful words and expressions ?Suggested answers to Exercise 1: 1 victim 2 physician 3 analyse 4 defeat 5 challenge 6 enquiry
7 pump 8 blame 9 absorb 10 link...to
?Answer key for Exercise 2: 1 severe 2 suspected 3 exposed 4 experts 5 cure 6 foresaw 7 concluded 8 announced 9 attended ?Answer key for Exercise 3: make a suggestion make a decision make a plan make a contribution
make a speech make a noise make a change make a description
make an investigation
?Some possible examples for Exercise 4: 1 The teacher asked us not to make faces in class.
2 I tried to make friends with my neighbour but he was too old and did not want to talk to me.
3 The best way to make money is to study hard and gain good qualifications.
4 I didn’t like them to collect me in their car so I made my way to the restaurant on foot by myself.
5 I’m too tired to make dinner, so I decide to eat out.
6 Before you pay for that new car make sure it has a guarantee, which will protect you against any problems during the first year. 7 Don’t make up your mind about buying that house till you have seen a few more. 8 When you leave your flat in the morning, it looks tidier if you make the bed before you go.
9 I have tried to make room for her on that course but there are just too many people already attending it.
Discovering useful structures
?Some possible answers for Exercise 1: 1 ...when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera.(attribute) 2 He immediately told the astonished people in Broad Street to remove the
handle from the pump.(attribute)
3 He became interested in two theories.(pre- dicative)
4 Neither its cause, nor its cure was under- stood.(predicative) ? Answer key for Exercise 2: Past Participle as the Past Participle as the Attribute (1) Attribute (2) 1 terrified people 1 people terrified of (cholera) 2 reserved seats 2 seats reserved by... 3 polluted water 3 water polluted by... 4 a crowded room 4 a room crowded with... 5 a pleased winner 5 a winner pleased with... 6 astonished children 6 children astonished at/by... 7 a broken vase 7 a vase broken by... 8 a closed door 8 a door closed by... 9 the tired audience 9 the audience tired of... 10 a trapped animal 10 an animal trapped in/by... ?Answer key for Exercise 3: 1 blamed/upset 2 tired 3 disappointed 4 shocked/depressed 5 excited 6 infected USING LANGUAGE LISTENING TEXT
A GREAT CHINESE SCIENTIST
Father of the Chinese space programme Yu Ping (YP) is talking to her friend Steve Smith (SS) about Qian Xuesen and his work as a rocket scientist. Part 1
YP: What do you want to be when you grow up, Steve?
SS:I want to be an astronomer and visits stars. I wish to visit Mars one day.
YP:I think I’d like to work in the space industry too. I’d like to be a rocket scientist like Qian Xuesen.
SS:What did he have to do to become a rocket scientist?
YP:Well, he first studied at university to be an engineer. Later he went to America to study for his doctor’s degree. It was then he began to work on rockets.
SS:So it was lucky for our space programme that he came back to China.
YP:Very much so. There was no work on space rockets in China before he began his institute to design and build rockets to go into space. Part 2
SS:Do you think he wanted to travel into space in one of his rockets?
YP:I have no idea but I believe he looked forward to the first space flight by a Chinese astronaut.
SS:Yes. Now that China has sent satellites into space. I hope we’ll be the first to land on Mars. That would really be something special and if I were that astronaut I would put Qian Xuesen’s picture on Mars to show how much we admire his work.
YP:Indeed. He is rightfully called the father of the Chinese space programme. He is my hero and he is why I want to be a rocket scientist.
SS:Well, we’d better get on with our homework. We need good grades to get into university.
YP:Right you are. See you, then. SS:See you.
?Answer key for Exercise 1:
Students will give their own answers. ?Answer key for Exercise 2:
Main Idea: It is about the role of Qian Xuesen in the development of space technology in China.
?Answer key for Exercise 3:
1 Qian Xuesen first studied to be an
engineer.
2 In America he began to work on space rockets so that he was able to develop a space programme when he came back to China.
3 When Qian Xuesen returned to China he set up a space institute to begin training people in how to design and build rockets. ?Answer key for Exercise 4: China’s achievement- Steve Smith’s ambi- sin space tions 1 Chinese astronauts in 1 become a rocket space scientist 2 Chinese satellites in 2 be the first to land on space Mars and put Qian Xuesen’s picture there ?Answer key for Exercise 3: Students give their own answers.
Students can show that they understand what is involved by making a realistic dialogue of their own. Sample conversation:
MIKE: What do you want to do when you grow up?
LI RU:I want to build robots. I will have to do a physics and mathematics degree in China. After that I hope to go abroad to Reading University in England where you can study all about robots. There is a special cybernetics department there.
MIKE:What personality will be needed for that job?
LI RU:I think I need to be patient for my ideas which will take a long time to develop. I also need to be creative enough to have good ideas.
MIKE:What experience will be most useful to you?
LI RU:I think technology and engineering projects. I hope to work in a factory in my holidays.
MIKE:What kind of person makes a good inventor?