发布时间 : 星期六 文章江苏省常熟市2018届高三适应性训练测试英语试题+Word版含答案更新完毕开始阅读
or frightening situations. They cite previous studied where psychologists found some subjects smiled at times of extreme sadness.
58. It is implied in the article that people may cry tears of joy ________. A. when they release their mixed emotions B. when they lose control of their emotions C. when their extreme emotions have to be hidden D. when their violent emotions need to be adjusted 59. The report authors tell us about ________. A. the two occasions of the negative expression B. the reasons for one’s psychological changes C. the reflection of different people’s personality D. the process of recovery from strong emotions 60. What does the article lead you to believe?
A. People laugh to drive away their feelings of nervousness. B. Strong negative feelings can beat positive feelings easily. C. Positive expressions don’t necessarily mean happy events. D. We’re likely to change negative things into positive ones.
C
Empathy is a feeling different from sympathy. When one is sympathetic, one implies pity but maintains distance from another person’s feelings. Empathy is the capacity to understand or feel what another person is experiencing from within their frame of reference, i.e., the capacity to place oneself in another’s position.
Empathy is a translation of the German term Einfühlung, meaning to feel as one with. It implies sharing the load, or “walking a mile in someone else’s shoes,” in order to appropriately understand that person’s perspective（想法）.
In therapy, for example, being sympathetic with a patient implies a distance and a failure to understand the patient’s viewpoint. On the other hand, the therapist who displays empathy is attempting to further his or her understanding from the perspective of the patient. This implies closeness rather than distance as it makes little distinction between the person suffering and the person attempting to
understand the suffering.
Group therapy often works because those with a specific issue, such as alcoholism, are able to show empathy to each other. Each person who is an alcoholic finds it easier to understand others who struggle with alcoholism.
Alternately, a group dedicated to providing support to people that have lost a child relies on the empathy of the members. Each person has something in common with the other group members. They can all deeply understand the monumental importance and tragedy of losing a child in a way that cannot be understood by a person who has not lost a child.
Often people who have suffered a loss or experienced a tragedy find themselves put off by sympathy. Sympathy often emphasizes that the grieving is alone. Even when kindly meant, sympathy is often rejected. Grieving people don’t necessarily want pity, but instead want understanding. Finding friends who can offer empathy helps to restore perspective in a world that has been torn by tragedy.
For those who truly wish to help a grieving person, empathy is not always possible. Most people cannot even begin to be “as one with” a person who has been raped, abused, or who has suffered the death of a loved one. However, in attempting to express empathy, one needs to think carefully, “What would this really be like?” Then, we may come closest to empathy.
In literature, catharsis（情感宣泄）for the reader is often achieved through empathy with a character. In fact, often literature, and other artistic mediums like film can be helpful psychologically. When a character is drawn well and one relates to the character’s thoughts or experiences, the resolutions（决定）made by the character can forward the reader or viewer into new ways of thinking about one’s own situations. In this way the reader or viewer’s own empathy may provoke（引发）catharsis.
61. Which of the following can be an empathy statement? A. I have to apologize for it. C. That really makes me sad.
B. That would annoy me, too.
D. I’m fairly proud of you, too.
62. The understand phrase “put off” in Paragraph 6 means “________”.
A. disgusted privileged
B. comforted C. overlooked D.
63. It can be inferred that when you express empathy to someone, you may need to ________.
A. follow your conscience C. forgive their ignorance
B. analyze their behavior
D. use your imagination
64. A successful literary and artistic work can bring out people’s catharsis ________.
A. by creating believable fictional characters B. by providing plots about social psychology C. by touching the hearts of readers or viewers D. by revealing characters’ thoughts or experiences
D
Robotics, the science of designing and operating robots, dates back to the third century B.C. and earlier. Today, the scientists are creating systems that can learn for themselves and be able to operate in the home, the workplace and even on the sports field.
The University of Texas, Austin team is putting artificial intelligence (AI) into its machines so that they can deal with real-world situations.
Among the systems are automated assistants that will carry out simple tasks in a working office.
Science fiction films predicted that in the future we would have intelligent robots. In The Day the Earth Stood Still, we had the sinister Gort; in Forbidden Planet there was Robby; and in the TV series those fictional representations — so where are they?
Although we have had robots in factories for decades, getting them to leave the shop-floor has been no easy task. In manufacturing plants, they carry out repetitive tasks all day and night.
But if they step outside, they are unable to deal with the chaos of the real world. It is a place where order and routine are gone. Even the simplest of tasks are
complicated by the unpredictability and vagueness of human interaction.
A team at the University of Texas, Austin has set itself the challenge of bringing robots out of their comfort zone and into our messy world.
Laptops on motorized bases wander through the lab like slow, partly built Daleks. They are the researches’ Building Wide Intelligence Project (BWIP). Currently, they are learning their way around the place.
So far they have learned how to avoid bumping into stuff. But great things are planned for them.
The goal is for them to be able to carry out simple instructions, like finding a colleague or locating and bringing over a piece of equipment. But that is easier said than done.
They need to be able to recognize objects and people. They also need to understand rather than recognize human speech. There is a difference. The latter involves having a limited number of voice commands pre-programmed into them. But understanding requires context and meaning.
This can only be achieved using AI techniques, which involve the robot asking questions to help it understand what words mean. The researcher leading the project is a linguist, Dr Jesse Thomason. He has restricted the number of questions the partly built Daleks can ask to just five. Why so few?
He explains that the robots can become “infuriating” with their questions. They would ask them forever like a small child.
Indeed, when Jesse teaches one of the robots it seems like he is talking to a baby. His colleague, Dr Andrea Thomaz, wants them to know when it is appropriate to approach a human and start up a conversation.
In another part of the lab, robots are playing football. They are part of a new plan for an international “RoboCup”, which has set itself the challenge of building a team capable of beating the men’s World Cup winners by 2050.
The robots play on a mini indoor football pitch, working together as a team and learning from each match.
Playing football is far harder for machine-learning than chess or go, according