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very roughly and transporting them in cattle cars to Westerbork, the big camp in Drenthe to which they're sending all the Jews ... If it's that bad in Holland, what must it be like in those faraway and uncivilized places where the Germans are sending them? We assume that most of them are being murdered. The English radio says they’re being gassed.\ —October 9, 1942
Despite being an ordinary teenager in many ways, curious, self-critical and moody, Anne was also an honest writer of considerable talent who fought for the right to live and this is what gives the diary such power:
\because I still believe in spite of everything that people are truly good at heart ...I must hold to my ideals. Perhaps the day will come when I will be able to realize them.
It's utterly impossible for me to build my life on a foundation of chaos, suffering and death. I see the world being slowly turned into a wilderness, I hear the approaching thunder that, one day, will destroy us too, I feel the suffering of millions. And yet, when I look up at the sky, I somehow feel that everything will change for the better, that this cruelty too shall end, that peace and tranquility will return once more ... I must uphold my ideals, for perhaps the time will come when I shall be able to carry them out.\ — July 15, 1944
Writing these words, Anne was not displaying simple childish optimism. It was more a declaration of her principles and of the right to human dignity. The voice that comes across is of a solitary young girl writing for herself, yet at the same time it is the cry of all those innocent victims of evil whose fate was to suffer in the Second World War. That is why Anne Frank's diary has achieved fame as the voice of the Holocaust in which six million Jews were murdered: She speaks for all of humanity.
In August 1944, the hiding place was stormed, and Nazi officers arrested everyone. They were taken to a transit camp and forced to do hard labor. From there they were taken by train to a concentration camp at Auschwitz. A month later, Anne and Margot were moved to Bergen-Belsen camp in Germany. They both died of typhus and starvation in March 1945. Anne Frank was 15, her sister was 19. Out of the eight people in hiding, Otto Frank was the only survivor, and when he found his daughter's diary after the war, he arranged for its publication in recognition of her courage.
When Anne wrote in her diary \known that her writing would also be a support and comfort to the whole world after her death.
安妮·弗兰克日记的故事
“1944年6月13日。又一个生日过去了，我现在15岁了。我收到了不少礼物：一本艺术史、一套内衣、两根腰带、一幅手帕、两罐酸奶、一罐果酱和两小块蜂蜜饼干??彼得和我在藏身所里待了两年了一我们经常谈论将来、过去和现在，可是??我想念外面真实的世界，而且我知道它存在。”
安妮·弗兰克在她现已出名的日记中写下了这些话，当时她和她的家人躲在“秘室”里，那是她父亲在荷兰阿姆斯特丹的办公室后面的几间屋子。
弗兰克一家实际上是难民，是从德国移民到荷兰的犹太人，定居在阿姆斯特丹以逃避纳粹的迫害，但是在1940年5月，当德国军队入侵并占领了荷兰之后，对荷兰犹太人的迫害也很快就开始了。
像所有的犹太人一样，安妮和姐姐玛戈被禁止上学、骑自行车、甚至坐汽车。德军只允许他们进有些店铺，任何时候都要在衣服上带着一颗黄星以表示他们是犹太人。大卫之星，一种重要的宗教象征，被纳粹变成了一种耻辱的标志。
到1941年，纳粹开始大量逮捕犹太人，把他们送往劳改集中营，劳改集中营很快就变成了死亡集中营。安妮的父亲奥托·弗兰克决定把家人和生意伙伴的家人藏起来。
1942年，7月6日，就在安妮开始写日记数周后，弗兰克一家躲了起来，一周后，范·佩尔一家人也加入进来。在其后的两年里，八个人就关在六个小房间里，绝不能外出。两家人生活在贫困状态之中，连足够的食物都没有。
在躲藏的日子里，安妮一直坚持写日记。她逐日叙述“秘室”里的日常活动，也记述自己的梦想和憧憬。她很难设想未来；她和别的人都清楚，犹太人被捉住会有什么下场。
“我们的许多犹太人朋友和熟人都被成群地带走了。盖世太保对他们非常粗暴，用运牲口的拖车把他们运送到德伦特最大的集中营威斯特伯克，他们把所有犹太人都遣送到那里。??如果说在荷兰都这么槽，那么在德国人送他们去的那些遥远的蛮荒之地又会是什么样呢？我们猜想他们中的大多数正在被杀害。英国广播说他们正在被毒气熏死。”1942年10月9日
尽管安妮在许多方面都是个普通的十几岁少女，好奇、自我批评而且喜怒无常，但她还是个相当有天赋的诚实的作者，为生存的权利而斗争着。正是这一点赋予了她的日记如此强大的力量：
“我没有放弃所有理想，这简直是奇迹；它们显得那么荒唐和不切实际。然而，我紧紧抓着它们，因为我仍然相信，不管怎么样，人们的内心都是真正善良的??我必须坚持我的理想。也许在将来的某一天我的理想会实现。
我完全不可能把我的生活建立在混乱、苦难和死亡的基础上。我眼看着这世界正慢慢地变成荒野；我耳听着那逼近的雷霆，终有一天也会把我们摧毁；我感受着数百万人的苦难。然而，仰望天空的时候，我不知为什么觉得一切都将变好，这残酷的现实也将结束，和平和安宁将再度回归??我必须捍卫我的理想，因为也许我能够实现它们的时候就要到了。”1944年7月15日
安妮写这些话，并非在展示简单幼稚的乐观主义。那是她的信念和人类尊严权利的宣言。它传来的是一个孤独少女的声音，她为自己写作，但同时也是所有无辜受邪恶迫害者的呐喊，他们的命运就是在第二次世界大战期间受难。这就是安妮·弗兰克的日记被誉为犹太人大屠杀（其间有六百万犹太人被杀害）之声的原因：她的话代
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表了全人类的心声。
1944年8月，他们的藏身处被突袭了，纳粹官员逮捕了每一个人。他们被带往一个过渡性集中营，被迫做苦工。从那里，他们又被火车送往奥斯威辛。一个月后，安妮和玛戈被转移到德国的贝尔根一贝尔森集中营。她俩均于1945年3月死于斑疹伤寒和饥饿。安妮·弗兰克时年15岁；她的姐姐19岁。在躲藏的八个人中，唯一幸存者是奥托·弗兰克。他在战后发现了女儿的日记，设法出版了它，以表彰她的勇气。
当安妮在日记中写下“我希望你对我会是极大的支持和安慰”这句话时，她不可能知道，在她死后，她的文字也会是对全世界的支持和安慰。
Unit 6 My Dream Comes True
The rain had started to fall gently through the evening air as darkness descended over Sydney. Hundreds of lights illuminated Stadium Australia, and the noise was deafening. As I walked towards the track I glanced around me at the sea of faces in the stands, but my mind was focused. The Olympic gold medal was just minutes away, hanging tantalizingly in the distance.
My heart was beating loudly, my mouth was dry and the adrenaline was pumping. I was so close to the
realization of my childhood dream and the feeling was fantastic; it was completely exhilarating, but also terrifying. I knew I would have to push myself beyond my known limits to ensure that my dream came true.
I tried to keep composed, telling myself not to panic, to stick to the plan and run my own race. I knew the Russian girls would set off quickly — and I had to finish this race fewer than ten seconds behind the Russian athlete Yelena Prokhorova. If I could do that, the title would be mine.
I looked out along the first stretch of the 400m track and caught my breath. The 800m race had punished me so much over the years— in the World, Commonwealth and European Championships —and now it stood between me and the Olympic title.
The British supporters were cheering so loudly it seemed as if they were the only fans there. I could hear my name being called. I could hear the shouts of encouragement and the cries of hope. Union Jacks fluttered all around the vast, beautiful stadium. I felt unified with the crowd — we all had the same vision and the same dream.
My ankle was bandaged against an injury I had incurred in the long jump just a couple of hours earlier, but I shut out all thoughts of pain. I tried to concentrate on the crowd. They were so vocal. My spirits lifted and I felt composed.
I knew I would do my best, that I would run my heart out and finish the race. I felt the performer in me move in and take over. I had just two laps to run, that was all. Just two laps until the emotional and physical strain of the past two days and the last 28 years would be eclipsed by victory or failure. This race was all about survival. It's only two minutes, I kept telling myself, anyone can run for two minutes.
The starting gun was fired, and the race began. The first lap was good, I managed to keep up with the group, but I was feeling much more tired than I usually did, and much more than I'd anticipated. Both the long, hard weeks of training that had led up to this championship, and the exhaustion from two days of grueling competition were showing in my performance. Mental and physical fatigue were starting to crush me, and I had to fight back.
Prokhorova had set the pace from the start. It was important that I didn’t let her get too far in front. I had to stay with her. At the bell I was 2.3 seconds behind her. Just one lap to go. One lap. I could do it. I had to keep
going. In the final 150 meters I could hear the roar of the crowd, giving me a boost at exactly the moment I needed it the most — just when my legs were burning and I could see the gap opening between me and the Russian. Thankfully, my foot was holding out, so now it was all down to mental stamina.
Prokhorova was pulling away. I couldn't let her get too far; I had to stay with her. I began counting down the meters I had left to run; 60m, 50m, 40m, 2om. I could see the clock. I could do it, but it would be close. Then finally the line appeared. I crossed it, exhausted. I had finished.
As I crossed the line my initial thought was how much harder the race had been than expected, bearing in mind how, only eight weeks before, I had set a new personal best of two minutes 12.2 seconds. Then my mind turned to the result. Had I done it? I thought I had. I was aware of where the other athletes were, and was sure that I'd just made it. But, until I saw it on the scoreboard, I wouldn't let myself believe it. As I stood there, staring up and waiting for confirmation, I tried hard to keep negative thoughts from my mind - but I couldn’t help thinking, what if I have just missed out? What if I’ve been through all this, and missed out?
In the distance I could hear the commentary team talking about two days of tough competition, then I could almost hear someone say, \over and told me I'd won. They had heard before me, and she asked what it felt like to be the Olympic champion. I smiled, still not sure.
Then, the moment that will stay with me for the rest of my life —my name in lights. That was when it all hit me. Relief, a moment of calm, and a thank you to my inner self for taking me through these two days. I felt a tingle through the whole of my body. This was how it is meant to be —arms aloft and fists clenched.
I looked out at the fans, who were waving flags, clapping and shouting with delight. I was the Olympic champion. The Olympic champion.
梦想成真
当夜幕降临悉尼时，雨也开始悄悄地从夜空中飘落。几百盏灯把澳大利亚体育场照得灯火通明，场内的声音震耳欲聋。走向跑道时我看了一眼四周看台上无数的脸，但我的注意力还是很集中。再过几分钟奥运金牌的归属就要见分晓了，它悬挂在远处，很诱人。
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我的心在剧烈地跳动，口干舌燥，肾上腺素猛增。童年的梦想就要实现了，这种感觉真是太奇妙了：令人非常兴奋，又胆战心惊。我知道，为了确保能梦想成真我必须强迫自己超越已知的极限。
我极力保持镇静，告诫自己不要紧张，要坚持按原计划做，按自己的节奏跑。我知道那些俄罗斯姑娘起跑很快—这场比赛我落后俄罗斯运动员叶莲娜·普罗科霍洛娃不能超过十秒。如果我做到这一点，冠军就是我的了。
我望着四百米跑道的起跑点，屏住了呼吸。这些年来，在世锦赛、英联邦锦标赛以及欧洲锦标赛的八百米赛跑中我屡战屡败，饱受挫折。现在，它再次横在我与奥运冠军头衔之间。
我的英国支持者在为我欢呼，声音特别大，就好像看台上只有他们是我的狂热支持者。我听到他们喊我的名字，为我鼓劲加油，听到他们充满希望的呐喊。宽阔美丽的体育场上到处飘扬着大不列颠联合王国的国旗，我感觉自己和观众融为了一体：我们有着同样的期盼，同样的梦想。！
几个小时前，我的脚踩在跳远时受了伤，缠上了绷带，但是我忘掉伤痛，尽量把注意力集中在观、众身上。他们的叫喊声势浩大，使我精神振奋，我感到镇定自若。
我知道自己会全力以赴，拼尽全力跑完全程。我感觉自己已经进入最佳状态。我只要跑两圈就行了，就两圈。跑完这两圈，过去两天以及28年来所有情感和身体上的辛苦付出就将被胜利或者失败所淹没。这一跑真是生死攸关。我不断地告诉自己：也就是跑两分钟，谁都能跑两分钟。
发令枪响了，比赛正式开始。第一圈还好，我跟其他人跑得一样快，但我觉得比平时要累得多，比我预想的要累得多。这次锦标赛赛前长达数周的艰苦训练以及这两天激烈的比赛所带来的疲劳在我的赛跑过程中显现出来。精神和肉体的疲倦开始向我袭来，我不得不反击。
普罗科霍洛娃一开始就领先。最重要的是我不能被她甩得太远，我得紧紧地跟着她。最后一圈的铃声响起时，我比她落后2.3秒。只剩最后一圈了，就一圈，我能赢，我必须坚持跑下去。到最后150米的时候我听见观众高声叫喊，在我最需要的时候为我加油助威一这时我的腿疼得要命，我看见我和那个俄罗斯运动员之间的距离正在加大。令人欣喜的是我的脚还在继续往前迈，这时候就全靠精神毅力来支撑了。
我听见远处转播比赛的解说员在谈论两天来的艰难赛事，我好像听见有人说：“我觉得她做得够好了。”接下来，来自德国的萨拜因·布劳恩走过来告诉我我赢了，他们在我之前打听到了消息，她问我当奥运冠军是什么滋味。我笑了，但还是不敢肯定。
接下来的那一刻将让我铭记一生：计分牌上我的名字亮了。那一刻我惊呆了。如释重负，平静了一会儿，感谢我内在的自我帮我度过了这两天。我感到全身一阵振颤，这时候该做的事是：高举双手，紧握双拳。
我向我的支持者望去，他们正兴高采烈地挥舞旗帜，鼓掌呐喊。我是奥运冠军，奥运会的冠军。
Unit 7 Are Animals Smarter Than We Think?
What does an elephant see when it looks in the mirror? Itself, apparently. Previously, such self-awareness was thought to be limited to humans, primates and the great celebrities of the world of animal intelligence, dolphins. At first, elephants in studies with mirrors will explore the mirror as an object. Eventually, they may realize they are looking at themselves. They will repeatedly touch a mark painted on their heads that they wouldn't see without the mirror. Diana Reiss of Hunter College believes these are compelling signs of self-awareness.
Scientists used to believe that animals were like machines programmed to react to stimuli. They were not considered capable of feeling or thinking, and certainly not of understanding abstract concepts. However, any dog owner will disagree. They know, when they see the love in their pet's eyes, that it has feelings. A dog can be trained to respond to commands and perform useful tasks. It can recognize different people and make choices about what to eat or which path to take. But does this mean that an animal is capable of thinking and, if so, can it be proved? Our perceptions of animals are filtered through our own human understanding of the world and we often project human feelings and thoughts onto other creatures.
One of the first scientists to try to investigate the animal mind was the British naturalist Charles Darwin. In his book The Descent of Man, published in 1871, he questioned whether higher mental abilities such as
self-consciousness and memory, were limited to human beings. Darwin speculated that human and non-human minds aren't all that different. Animals, he argued, face the same general challenges and have the same basic needs as humans: to find food and a mate, to navigate through the sky, the woods or the sea. All these tasks require the ability to problem-solve and to categorize. Birds, for example, need to be able to distinguish colors so they know when a fruit is ripe, what is safe to eat and what is not. Knowing the shapes of predators helps them to escape
danger. Having a concept of numbers helps them to keep track of their flock, and to know which individuals have a mate.
All these skills require, not just instinct, but cognitive ability, argues Irene Pepperberg, who has worked on animal intelligence since 1977.
She studied an African grey parrot called Alex from the age of one for 30 years. Parrots are well-known for their ability to imitate speech and in her experiments; Pepperberg used this talent to find out about Alex's
understanding of the world. Her aim was to teach him to reproduce the sounds of the English language so that she could then have a dialogue with him. \he sees the world.\
Memory, language, self-awareness, emotions and creativity are key indications of higher mental abilities. Scientists have, bit by bit, uncovered and documented these talents in other species. Pepperberg discovered that Alex could count, distinguish shapes, sizes, colors and materials such as wood, wool and metal. Until recently, only higher mammals, such as primates, have been thought capable of understanding concepts of \
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seem to be a valuable survival skill for them, too.
Darwin argued that animals' minds, like their bodies, have evolved to suit their environment. He went so far as to suggest that even worms have some hint of intelligence since he observed them making judgments about the kinds of leaves they used to block their tunnels. Many scientists in the 20th century dismissed such findings as unreliable, usually influenced by anthropomorphism, in other words, judging animals by human attributes.
However, the pendulum is now swinging away from thinking of animals as machines without intelligence, and back towards Darwin's ideas. A wide range of studies on animals suggests that the roots of intelligence are deep, widespread across the animal kingdom and highly changeable.
People were surprised to find that chimpanzees and other primates were smart. They make tools. Orangutans use leaves as rain hats and protect their hands when climbing spiky trees. Scientists put this down to the fact that primates and humans share a common ancestor. What is surprising them now however, is' that intelligence doesn't seem to be limited to those species with whom; we have a common ancestor. It appears that evolution can reinvent similar forms of consciousness indifferent species; and that to an astonishing degree, this intelligence is not reserved only for higher mammals. One vital question is thrown up by the current research: If all this is true and animals have feelings and intelligence, should it affect the way we humans treat them?
动物比我们想象的更聪明吗？
大象照镜子时到底看到了什么？显然是它自己。以前，人们认为这样的自我意识仅存于人类、灵长类动物以及动物智慧世界的明星—海豚。在这项大象和镜子的研究里，大象起初只把镜子当作物品来把玩。最后，它们可能意识到它们在镜子里看到了自己。它们会反复触碰画在它们头上的印记，这是一些没有镜子就不可能看见的印记。亨特大学的戴安娜·雷斯认为，这是自我意识的很有力的说明。
过去，科学家认为动物和机器一样，能根据事先编排好的程序对外界的刺激作出反应。还认为它们不具备感受和思考能力，绝对没有理解抽象概念的能力。但是，养狗的人是不会同意这种看法的。他们在宠物狗的眼睛里看到了爱，知道它有情感。狗能通过训练接受指令做有益的事情。它会认人、选择食物、识别道路。但这是否意味着它有思维能力呢？如果有的话，又如何证实呢？我们对动物的认知是经过过滤的，是建立在人类对世界的理解的基础上的，我们经常把人类的情感和思想投射到其它动物身上。
最早研究动物心智的科学家之一是英国博物学家查尔斯·达尔文。在1871年出版的《人类的起源》一书中，他质疑是否只有人类才具有高级思维能力—如自我意识和记忆。达尔文猜测人脑和动物脑没有那么大的差别。他认为，动物和人一样面对相同的常规挑战和相同的基本需求：寻找食物和伴侣，在天空、森林和海洋中旅行时不迷失方向。要完成这些任务，就需要有解决问题和甄别分类的能力。例如鸟类必须有分辨颜色的能力，以确定果实什么时候成熟，什么东西能吃，什么东西不能吃。了解捕食动物的形状能帮助它们避开危险，有数字概念可帮助他们了解本鸟群的情况，了解哪些鸟已有伴侣。
从1977年起就从事动物智慧研究的艾琳·佩拍伯格认为，所有这些技巧不仅需要本能，还需要认知能力。 她研究一只叫“亚历克斯”的非洲灰鹦鹉，从它一岁开始整整研究了30年。鹦鹉以模仿语言的能力著称；在她的实验里，佩拍伯格利用鹦鹉这方面的才能来了解亚历克斯对世界的理解。她的目标是教会它英语，以便能够和它对话。“我想如果它学会如何交流，我就可以问它是如何看待这个世界的了。”
记忆、语言、自我意识、情感和创造性是高智力的关键标志。科学家已经一点一滴地揭示并记录了其他物种在这些方面的才能。佩拍伯格发现亚历克斯不仅能够数数，还能分辨形状、大小、颜色及材料（如木头、羊毛和金属）。直到最近，只有高等哺乳动物，如灵长类，才会被认为具有理解“相同”和“不同”这些概念的能力。但鹦鹉和灵长类一样长期生活在复杂社会里，因此抽象的智力对它们而言似乎也同样是有价值的生存技巧。
达尔文认为，动物的心智和它们的身体一样因为要适应环境而进化了。他甚至说：即便是虫子也有一点点智慧，因为他观察到虫子能判断什么样的叶子适合用来堵它们的洞口。许多20世纪的科学家轻视这些发现，认为它们不可靠，这是受了拟人说的影响，即根据人的特征来判断动物。但是，现在舆论的天平已经不再向那些认为动物像机器一样没有智慧的观点倾斜了，而是向达尔文的观点倾斜。大范围的动物研究表明：智慧之根在动物界的分布既深又广，变化多端。
人们吃惊地发现黑猩猩及其他灵长类动物都很聪明，它们会制造工具。红毛黑猩猩能用树叶当斗笠挡雨；在爬带刺的树时，它们知道如何保护自己的手。科学家把这种现象归结为灵长类动物和人类拥有共同祖先这一事实。但是，现在让他们吃惊的是智慧似乎并不仅仅体现在与人同祖的物种身上。进化似乎能够在不同物种身上重新创造出相似的意识形式。令人吃惊的是，这种智慧并非高等哺乳动物的专利。目前的研究提出了一个重大的问题：如果这一切都是真的，如果动物具有情感和智力，这会改变人类对待动物的方式吗？
Unit 8 Painting as a Pastime
A gifted American psychologist has said, \
something and will not let it go.\more futile the task. One can only gently insinuate something else into its convulsive grasp. And if this something else is rightly chosen, if it is really attended by the illumination of another field of interest, gradually, and often quite swiftly, the old undue grip relaxes and the process of recuperation and repair begins.
The cultivation of a hobby and new forms of interest is therefore a policy of first importance to a public man. But this is not a business that can be undertaken in a day or swiftly improvised by a mere command of the will. The growth of alternative mental interests is a long process. The seeds must be carefully chosen; they must fall on good ground; they must be sedulously tended, if the vivifying fruits are to be at hand when needed.
To be really happy and really safe, one ought to have at least two or three hobbies, and they must all be real. It
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