发布时间 : 星期三 文章WTO 历届考试真题更新完毕开始阅读
有限贸易制裁（中止减让或其他义务）。 9 由于燃料出口的价值有了更大增幅增长，其他初级产品和工业制成品的出口增长，在 2006年最不发达国家出口增长迅猛。
10贸易与环境委员会关于这两个议题的讨论开辟了新的天地，因为对于在这些领域里贸易体制的规定会如何影响环境政策或被环境政策影响的见解很少
1 The protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights should contribute to the promotion of technological innovation and to the transfer and dissemination of technology, to the mutual advantage of producers and users of technological knowledge and in a manner conducive to social and economic welfare, and to a balance of rights and obligations.
2 Over three quarters of WTO members are developing countries and countries in transition to market economies. During the seven and a half years of the Uruguay Round, over 60 of these countries implemented trade liberalization programmes autonomously.
3 Although the ministers intended to launch a major new negotiation, the conference stalled on agriculture and was widely regarded as a failure.
4 The Council for Trade in Services shall review all exemptions granted for a period of more than 5 years.
5 Patent owners shall also have the right to assign, or transfer by succession, the patent and to conclude licensing contracts.
6 In case of urgency, including those which concerned perishable goods, the parties to the dispute, panels and the Appellate Body shall make every effort to accelerate the proceedings to the greatest extent possible.
7 The overview is to be assisted by an annual report by the Director-General setting out major activities of the WTO and highlighting significant policy issues affecting the trading system. 8 An International Labour Organisation report on working trends shows that more than a quarter of British workers put in more than 48 hours a week.
9 In an endeavor to clarify GATT provisions, Members came up with the Understanding on the Interpretation；the Understanding sheds some light on certain issues，however, it did not provide any substantive clarification or interpretation of the essential requirements.
10 If the surplus is to be sold on world markets, where prices are lower, then export subsidies are needed. As a result, the subsidizing countries can be producing and exporting considerably more than they normally would
1 Members shall give special consideration to opportunities for the least-developed countries to encourage foreign suppliers of telecommunications services to assist in the transfer of technology, training and other activities that support the development of their telecommunications infrastructure and expansion of their telecommunications services trade. 2 But the agreements did give them transition periods to adjust to the more unfamiliar and, perhaps, difficult WTO provisions — particularly so for the poorest, ―least-developed‖ countries.
3 The agenda originally built into the Uruguay Round agreements has seen additions and modifications.
4 ―services‖ includes any service in any sector except services supplied in the exercise of governmental authority。
5 Procedures concerning the enforcement of intellectual property rights shall be fair and equitable. 6 Panelist shall serve in their individual capacities and not as government representatives, nor as
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representatives of any organization.
7 It is understood that the review of entities having a common external policy covering more than one Member shall cover all components of policy affecting trade including relevant policies and practices of the individual Members.
8 The ILO maintains that shorter working hours benefit workers' health and family lives, reduce accidents at the workplace and generally make workers more productive.
9 The increase in number of RTAs was beginning to create administrative bottlenecks in the newly established WTO.
10 The objective of the Agriculture Agreement is to reform trade in the sector and to make policies more market-oriented.
1 The WTO’s rules — the agreements — are the result of negotiations between the members. The current set were the outcome of the 1986–94 Uruguay Round negotiations which included a major revision of the original General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT).
2 It shows that more recent efforts at regional economic integration have not yet reached the point where their constituents frequently have a single spokesman on WTO issues.
3 The importing country can charge additional import duties calculated to compensate for damage caused by dumping.
4 China’s accession to the WTO will benefit the world as well as itself. First China's economic system will more conform to the common international rules and will greatly help improve China's industrial and investment environment. Then to the world, China’s accession will surely enhance global economic cooperation, and play an active and constructive role in starting a new round of multilateral trade talks and in establishing a new international economic order. After entry into the WTO, In the meantime, China's huge market potential will be gradually transformed into real purchasing power, thereby providing a formidable market and business opportunity for various countries and regions around the world, this will definitely enable China to make new contributions to all mankind.
5 The only exception is when there are balance-of-payments difficulties, and even then the restrictions must be temporary and subject to other limits and conditions. 1（1）Highest authority：the Ministerial Conference
The Ministerial Conference is the governing body of the WTO，responsible for setting the
strategic direction of the organization and making all final decisions on agreements under its wings．
（2）Second level：General Council in three guises
Day-to-day work in between the ministerial conferences is handled by three bodies：
General Council
Trade Policy Review Body Dispute Settlement Body
（3）Third level: councils for each broad area of trade, and more
Three more councils, each handling a different broad area of trade, report to the General
Council;
The Council for Trade in Goods (Goods Council) The Council for Trade in Services (Services Council)
The Council for Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property (TRIPS Council)
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2 The original intention was to create a third institution to handle the trade side of international economic cooperation, joining the two ―Bretton Woods‖ institutions. The ITO was effectively dead in 1950, so the GATT became the only multilateral instrument governing international trade. The Uruguay Round transformed the GATT into the WTO.
3 A ministerial decision says better-off countries should accelerate implementing market access commitments on goods exported by the least-developed countries, and it seeks increased technical assistance for them.
4 Because with China’s accession the WTO achieved further progress towards becoming truly a world organization and with the rules-based system accepted almost universally, the WTO will take prominent role in facilitating global economic cooperation.
5 Settling disputes is the responsibility of the Dispute Settlement Body (the General Council in another guise), which consists of all WTO members. The Dispute Settlement Body has the sole authority to establish ―panels‖ of experts to consider the case, and to accept or reject the panels’ findings or the results of an appeal. It monitors the implementation of the rulings and recommendations, and has the power to authorize retaliation when a country does not comply with a ruling
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