发布时间 : 星期五 文章Unit 4-6 answer keys 学术英语答案更新完毕开始阅读
不同的工作和管理风格，其业务、职能和项目均是巨大的考验。在一种文化里行之有效的工作方式，在其它文化里可能毫无效果，甚至不合时宜。有效的管理者应能识别并适应不同的工作风格和文化。要与来自不同文化的伙伴进行良好的合作，需要与其畅通无阻地交换准确的信息，并建立公开、高效的合作关系。
据通信专家称，当今商业人士很有必要了解跨文化差异对业务、贸易和企业内部架构的影响。公司、企业、并购的成败基本上取决于“人”。如果人们没有跨文化意识，那么就可能产生误解或导致沟通失败。在全球经济的大环境中，提高跨文化意识的需求日益增大。在语言、礼仪、非语言交流、社会规范和价值观等问题上体现的跨文化差异可能导致跨文化交际的严重失误。
如果不了解跨文化差异对管理、公关、广告和谈判等领域的影响，可能最终会导致交流失误，引发破坏性后果的失误。我们在网络上大量跨文化交流失误的例子中选了几个，来说明为何跨文化意识和敏感度如此重要。
Pepsodent牙膏以“美白牙齿”为广告词，意欲打开东南亚的市场，然而推销失败了；后来，他们发现当地人会嚼槟榔来“美黑”牙齿，因为其认为黑牙齿的人很有魅力。某眼镜公司在泰国广告，是让各种可爱的动物戴上眼镜，但他们没有考虑到一个事实——泰国本地人认为动物是低级生物。Fresca软饮料的女销售人员在墨西哥做推销时，总是看到人们笑着跟她打招呼，她对此感到非常惊讶；后来才发现，Fresca是墨西哥当地的俚语，意为“女同性恋”。
Unit 5 Art Background Information 1. Wikipedia 维基百科
Wikipedia is a collaboratively edited, multilingual, free-access, free content Internet encyclopedia that is supported and hosted by the non-profit Wikimedia Foundation. Volunteers worldwide collaboratively write Wikipedia's 30 million articles in 287 languages, including over 4.5 million in the English Wikipedia. Anyone who can access the site can edit almost any of its articles, which on the Internet comprise the largest and most popular general reference work. In February 2014, The New York Times reported that Wikipedia is ranked fifth globally among all websites stating, ―With 18 billion page views and nearly 500 million unique visitors a month..., Wikipedia trails just Yahoo, Facebook, Microsoft and Google, the largest with 1.2 billion unique visitors.‖
Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger launched Wikipedia on January 15, 2001, the latter creating its name, a portmanteau of wiki (the name of a type of collaborative website, from the Hawaiian word for ―quick‖) and encyclopedia.
The open nature of Wikipedia has led to various concerns, such as the quality of writing, vandalism and the accuracy of information. Some articles contain unverified or inconsistent information, though a 2005 investigation in Nature showed that the 42 science articles they compared came close to the level of accuracy of Encyclopedia Britannica and had a similar rate of ―serious errors‖ Britannica replied that the study's methology and conclusions were flawed. The policies of Wikipedia combine verifiability and a neutral point of view.
2. fine art 美术
Fine art is art developed primarily for aesthetics, distinguishing it from applied art that also has to serve some practical function.
Historically, the five main fine arts were painting, sculpture, architecture, music and poetry, with performing arts including theater and dance. Today, the fine arts commonly include additional forms, such as film, photography, conceptual art, and printmaking. However, in some institutes of learning or in museums, fine art and frequently the term fine arts (pl.) as well, are associated exclusively with visual art forms.
One definition of fine art is ―a visual art considered to have been created primarily for aesthetic and intellectual purposes and judged for its beauty and meaningfulness, specifically, painting, sculpture, drawing, watercolor, graphics, and architecture.‖ In that sense, there are conceptual differences between the Fine Arts and the Applied Arts. As originally conceived, and as understood for much of the modern era, the perception of aesthetic qualities required a refined judgment usually referred to as having good taste, which differentiated fine art from popular art and entertainment. However in the Postmodern era, the value of good taste is disappearing, to the point that having bad taste has become synonymous with being avant-garde. The term ―fine art‖ is now rarely found in art history, but remains common in the art trade and as a title for university departments and degrees, even if rarely used in teaching.
The word ―fine‖ does not so much denote the quality of the artwork in question, but the purity of the discipline according to traditional canons. This definition originally excluded the applied or decorative arts, and the products of what were regarded as crafts. In contemporary practice these distinctions and restrictions have become essentially meaningless, as the concept or intention of the artist is given primacy, regardless of the means through which this is expressed.
3. digital art 数字艺术
Digital art is an artistic work or practice that use digital technology as an essential part of the creative or presentation process. Since the 1970s, various names have been used to describe the process including computer art and multimedia art, and digital art is itself placed under the larger umbrella term new media art.
After some initial resistance, the impact of digital technology has transformed activities such as painting, drawing, sculpture and music/sound art, while new forms, such as net art, digital installation art, and virtual reality, have become recognized artistic practices. More generally the term digital artist is used to describe an artist who makes use of digital technologies in the production of art. In an expanded sense, ―digital art‖ is a term applied to contemporary art that uses the methods of mass production or digital media.
4. decorative arts 装饰艺术
The term decorative arts refers to the design and manufacture of functional objects. It includes interior design, but not usually architecture. The decorative arts are often categorized in opposition to the ―fine arts‖, namely, painting, drawing, photography, and large-scale sculpture, which generally have no function other than to be seen.
5. liberal arts 文科；人文教育；博雅教育
The liberal arts (Latin: artes liberales) are those subjects or skills that in classical antiquity were considered essential for a free person (Latin: liber, \part in civic life, something that (for Ancient Greece) included participating in public debate, defending oneself in court, serving on juries, and most importantly, military service. Grammar, rhetoric, and logic were the core liberal arts, while arithmetic, geometry, the theory of music, and astronomy also played a (somewhat lesser) part in education..
In modern times, liberal arts education is a term that can be interpreted in different ways. It can refer to certain areas of literature, languages, philosophy, history, mathematics, psychology, and science. It can also refer to studies on a liberal arts degree program. For example, Harvard University offers a Master of Liberal Arts degree, which covers biological and social sciences as