英语翻译

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1人性是性格、气质和性情的基础,性格正是基于这种牢不可破的基质之上的,它必须以这种基质的形式存在,并将它保留终生,这种基质,我们称之为一个人的本性。 2一项历史研究表明,曾经行走在地球上的古人们和今天的男男女女们受着同样的基本力量驱使,被同样的激情左右并有着同样的抱负,时至今日,对幸福的追求仍然是全世界人类全身心投入的事业。

3每个人都把自己看成是独特个体,而且,就他而言,他就是宇宙的中心,有别于其他任何人。如果有人把史密斯先生误认作琼斯先生,这人就该道歉。

4每个人都表现出一种与众不同的性格,而环境和教育对性格的影响都极其有限。

5人性总是忠于它本身,而不受信仰或教育体制左右。一个人的个性和他独特的天性在出生时就已经形成了,而且不会改变。一个人与生俱来的品质,无论是否有机会发展,都保持为潜力。

6人性的恒定性是众所周知的,因为没有人相信一个人能够从根本上改变他的本性。这就是为什么一个恶名远扬的人很难重建公众对他的信心。

7尽管人类有完美的潜质,但事实上他远远没有达到完美。如果事实上他已经是完美的,那么那些神父、教师和人道主义者便会无事可做;那些教堂、学校、法庭和监狱便会无所用处。因此虽然人性是不可能改变的,但是人们可以研究它、控制它和引导它。而且这应该是我们的宗教机构、教育机构和社会机构的最高职能。

8人类在胚胎期是完美的,就好比一粒种子,在幼芽期是完美的一样。

9外在的人,原本也是完美的,但是由于人类如此的亵渎和滥用,今天,它已经与原型相去甚远。

10人们想当然地认为人类是伟大和高尚的,尽管他的过错和弱点不断地暴露在我们面前。只有当人类行为偏离常规时才会引起人们的注意。

11人类固有的优点还体现在不计其数的英雄主义行为、充满无私和牺牲精神的举动上,每天我们都会读到人们冒着生命危险挽救他人生命的事迹

12数不胜数的不知姓名、不被记载的人们,不仅在战场上,而且还在战争的大后方,为了他们的同胞献出了生命。

Unit Eight

1.Seat belts still decrease our risk of dying in an accident, but the statistics are not all black and white. In fact, according to one researcher, seat belts may actually cause people to drive more recklessly.

2.If there's one thing we know about our risky world, it's that seat belts save lives. And they do, of course. But reality, as usual, is messier and more complicated than that.

3.How can that be? Adams' interpretation of the data rests on the notion of risk compensation, the idea that individuals tend to adjust their behavior in response to what they perceive; as changes in the level of risk.

4.But crucially, says Adams, this driver will also be adjusting his behavior in response to what he perceives are changes in risks. If he is wearing a seat belt and his car has front and side air bags and anti-skid brakes to boot, he may in turn drive a bit more daringly.

5.The point, stresses Adams, is that drivers who feel safe may actually increase the risk that they pose to other drivers, bicyclists, pedestrians and their own passengers (while an average of 80% of drivers buckle up, only 68% of their rear-seat passengers do).

6.In the case of seat belts, instead of a simple, straightforward reduction in deaths, the end result is actually a more complicated redistribution of risk and fatalities.

7. In everyday life, risk is a moving target, not a set number as statistics might suggest.

In addition to external factors, each individual has his or her own internal comfort level with risk- taking. Some are daring while others are cautious by nature. And still others are fatalists who may believe that a higher power devises mortality schedules that fix a predetermined time when our number is up. Consequently, any single measurement assigned to the risk of driving a car is bound to be only the roughest sort of benchmark.

8.The bottom line is that risk doesn't exist in a vacuum and that there are a host of factors that come into play, including the rewards of risk, whether they are financial, physical or emotional. It is this very human context in which risk exists.

9.We make dozens of risk calculations daily, but you can book odds- that most of them are so automatic or visceral- that we barely notice them.

1座椅安全带固然能降低我们在车祸中死亡的危险,但从统计数据看,情况并不是那么绝对。事实上,据一位研究者说,安全带可能会使人们在驾车时更加肆无忌惮。 2对于这个有危险的世界,如果有一件事我们还算了解,那就是座椅安全带可以救命。当然,它确实可以救命。但实际情况通常要更混乱、更复杂。

3怎么会这样?亚当斯用风险补偿的概念来解释这些数据资料,这个概念就是:人们往往会根据他们意识到的风险程度的改变来相应地调整自己的行为。

4但亚当斯说,关键的是这个司机还将根据他对风险变化的判断来调整自己的行为。如果他系上了安全带,而他的车子带有前、侧气囊和防滑刹车系统,他驾起车来可能会更大胆。 5亚当斯强调说,问题就在于自我感觉安全的司机们实际上对其他司机、骑自行车者、行人和自己车上的乘客来说是更大的危险(平均80%的司机系安全带,而同车后座的乘客只有68%系安全带)。

6因此,安全带并非简单、直截了当地减少死亡人数,而是对风险和死亡事故进行了更加复杂的再分配。

7日常生活中,风险是不断移动的靶子,而并不像统计数据那样是个固定数字。除了外部因素外,每个人对于冒险都有自己内在的安全尺度。有些人天生大胆而有些人天生谨慎,还有些人是宿命论者,他们会认为,有一种更强大的力量设计了死亡时间表,预先确定了我们的死期。因此,对驾车风险做任何单一的测算所得到的肯定只是最粗略的基准数据。

8问题的要点就在于风险并不是孤立存在的,它会受到许多因素的影响,包括承担风险所带来的种种回报——无论是财产方面的、身体方面的,还是情感方面的。

9我们每天要做几十遍风险计算,但是可以确信的是,多数时候人们对风险的计算自然而然或者说是出自本能,以至于我们几乎注意不到我们在做计算。

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