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The lowering of the temperature in any part of the temperature scale. CONAX CONNECTION A device to pass thermocouple wires through and maintain a vacuum tight vessel. CONTAMINATION ln the vacuum system, the introduction of water vapor into the oil in the vacuum pump, which then causes the pump to lose its ability to attain its ultimate pressure. DEFROSTING The removal of ice from a condenser by melting or mechanical means. DEGREE OF CRYSTALLIZATION The ratio of the energy released during the freezing of a solution to that of an equal volume of water.
DEGREE OF SUPERCOOLING The number of degrees below the equilibrium freezing temperature where ice first starts to form. DESICCANT A drying agent. DRY Free from liquid, and/or moisture. DRYING The removal of moisture and other liquids by evaporation. EQUILIBRIUM FREEZING TEMPERATURES The temperature where ice will form in the absence of supercooling. EUTECTIC TEMPERATURE A point of a phase diagram where all phases are present and the temperature and composition of the liquid phase cannot be altered without one of the phases disappearing.
EXPANSION TANK This tank is located in the circulation system and is used as a holding and expansion tank for the transfer liquid. FILTER OR FILTER/DRIER There are two systems that have their systems filtered or filter/dried. They are the circulation and refrigeration systems. In the newer dryers this filter or filter/dryer is the same, and can be replaced with a new core. FREE WATER The free water in a product is that water that is absorbed on the surfaces of the product and must be removed to limit further biological and chemical reactions. FREEZING This is the absence of heat. A controlled change of the product temperature as a function of time, during the freezing process, so as to ensure a completely frozen form.
GAS BALLAST Used in the vacuum system on the vacuum pump to decontaminate small amounts of moisture in the vacuum pump oil. GAS BLEED (Vacuum control) To control the pressure in the chamber during the cycle to help the drying process. In freeze-drying the purpose is to improve heat-transfer to the product. HEAT EXCHANGER This exchanger is located in the circulation and refrigeration systems and transfers the heat from the circulation system to the refrigeration system. HEAT TRANSFER FLUID A liquid of suitable vapor pressure and viscosity range for transferring heat to or from a component, for example, a shelf or condenser in a freeze-dryer. The choice of such a fluid may depend on safety considerations. Diathermic fluid. HOT GAS BYPASS This is a refrigeration system. To control the suction pressure of the BIG FOUR (20-30 Hp) compressors during the refrigeration operation. HOT GAS DEFROST This is a refrigeration system. To defrost the condenser plates after the lyophilization cycle is complete. ICE The solid, crystalline form of water. INERT GAS Any gas of a group including helium, radon and nitrogen, formerly considered chemically inactive. INTERSTAGE In a two stage compressor system, this is the cross over piping on top of the compressor that connects the low side to the high side. One could also think of it as low side, intermediate, and high side.
INTERSTAGE PRESSURE REGULATING VALVE This valve controls the interstage pressure from exceeding 80 - 90 PSI. This valve opens to suction as the interstage pressure rises above 80 - 90 PSI. LEXSOL A heat transfer fluid (high grade kerosene).
LIQUID SUB-COOLER HEAT EXCHANGER (see Sub-cooled Liquid) The liquid refrigerant leaving the condenser/receiver at cooling water temperature is sub-cooled to a temperature of +15oF (-10oC) to -15oF (-25oC). LYOPHILIZATION A process in which the product is first frozen and then, while still in the frozen state, the major portion of the water and solvent system is reduced by sublimation and desorption so as to limit biological and chemical reactions at the designated storage temperature,
MAIN VACUUM VALVE (see Vapor Valve) This valve is between the chamber and external condenser to isolate the two vessels after the process is finished. This is the valve that protects the finished product. MATRIX A matrix, in terms of the lyophilization process, is a system of ice crystals and solids that is distributed throughout the product.
MECHANICAL BOOSTER PUMP (see Blower) A roots pump with a high displacement for its size but a low compression ratio. When backed by an oil-seal rotary pump the combination is an economical alternative to a two-stage oil-sealed rotary pump, with the advantage of obtaining a high vacuum. MECHANICAL VACUUM PUMP The mechanical pumping system that lowers the pressure in the chamber to below atmospheric pressure so that sublimation can occur. MELTING TEMPERATURE (Melt-back) That temperature where mobile water first becomes evident in a frozen system. MICRON (see Torr) A unit of pressure used in the lyophilization process. One micron = one Mtorr or 25,400 microns = 1\NONCONDENSABLES A mixture of gases such as nitrogen, hydrogen, chlorine, and hydrocarbons. They may be drawn into the system through leaks when part of the system is under a vacuum. Their presence reduces the operating efficiency of the system by increasing the condensing pressure. NUCLEATION The formation of ice crystals on foreign surfaces or as a result of the growth of water clusters.
OIL-MIST FILTER In vacuum terminology a filter attached to the discharge (exhaust) of an oil-sealed rotary pump to eliminate most of the \would be discharged into the environment. OIL SEALED ROTARY PUMP A standard type of mechanical vacuum pump used in freeze-drying with a high compression ratio but having a relatively low displacement (speed) for its size. A two-stage pump is effectively two such pumps in series and can obtain an ultimate vacuum.
OIL SEPARATOR Separates the oil from the compressor discharge gas and returns the oil through the oil float trap and piping to the compressor crankcase. REAL LEAK A real leak is a source of atmospheric gases resulting from a penetration through the chamber.
RECONSTITUTE The dissolving of the dried product into a solvent or diluent. RELIEF VALVE Used for safety purposes to prevent damage in case excessive pressure is encountered. ROTARY VANE PUMP A mechanical pumping system with sliding vanes as the mechanical seal. Can be single or two stages.
SHELF COMPRESSOR (Controlling Compressor) Used for controlling the shelf temperature, either cooling or from overheating. SELF LIQUID HEAT EXCHANGER The transfer of heat from the shelf fluid to the refrigeration system through tubes in the exchanger causing compressor suction gas to warm. SHELVES In terms of the lyophilization process, they are a form of heat exchanger, within the chamber, that have a serpentine liquid flow through them, entering one side and flowing to the other side. They are located in the circulation system. SINGLE STAGE COMPRESSOR This is a normal type compressor used in refrigeration. In the lyophilization process it is used to control the shelf temperature, both for cooling and keeping the shelf temperature from overheating using a temperature controller. SILICONE OIL A heat transfer fluid. STERILIZATION The use of steam and pressure to kill any bacteria that may be able to contaminate that environment or vessel. SUBLIMATION The conversion of a material from a solid phase directly to a vapor phase, without passing through the liquid phase. This is referred to as the primary drying stage. SUB-COOLED LIQUID (See Liquid Sub-cooler Heat Exchanger) The liquid refrigerant is cooled through an exchanger so that it increases the refrigerating effect as well as reduces the volume of gas flashed from the liquid refrigerant in passage through the expansion valve. SUCTION LINE ACCUMULATOR To provide adequate refrigerant liquid slug protection (droplets of liquid refrigerant) from returning to the compressor, and causing damage to the compressor. TCE Trichloroethylene - A heat transfer fluid. TEMPERATURE The degree of hotness or coldness of a body. THERMOCOUPLE A metal-to-metal contact between two dissimilar metals that produces a small voltage across the free ends of the wire.
THERMOSTATIC EXPANSION VALVE An automatic variable device controlling the flow of liquid refrigerant. TORR (See Micron) A unit of measure equivalent to the amount of pressure in 1000 microns. TWO STAGE COMPRESSOR (see Interstage) This is a specially built compressor. Its function is to be able to attain low temperatures by being able to operate at low pressures. It is two compressors built into one. A low stage connected internally and a high stage connected externally with piping, called interstage. UNLOADING VALVE This valve connects the interstage with suction to equalize both pressures during pump-down.
VACUUM Strictly speaking, a space in which the total pressure is less than atmospheric. VACUUM CONTROL (Gas Bleed) To assist in the rate of sublimation, by controlling the pressure in the lyophilizer. VACUUM PUMP A mechanical way of reducing the pressure in a vessel below atmospheric pressure to where sublimation can occur. There are three types of pumps, rotary vane, rotary piston and mechanical booster. VAPOR BAFFLE A target shaped object placed in the condenser to direct vapor flow and to promote an even distribution of condensate. VACUUM VALVES The vacuum valves used are of a ball or disk type that can seal without leaking. The balI types are used for services to the chamber and condenser. They are also used for drains and isolation applications. The disk types are used in the vacuum line system and are connected to the vacuum pump, chamber and condenser. VAPOR VALVE (See Main Vacuum Valve) The vacuum valve between the chamber and external condenser. When this valve is closed the chamber is isolated from the external condenser. Also known as the main vapor valve. VIAL A small glass bottle with a flat bottom, short neck and flat flange designed for stoppering.
VIRTUAL LEAK In the vacuum system a virtual leak is the passage of gas into the chamber from a source that is located internally in the chamber.