发布时间 : 星期二 文章四级英语作文经典辅导材料(1)更新完毕开始阅读
Some people believe that the fresh water will never be used up. Because people can get fresh water from the rains, from the rivers, from the wells and from the lakes, it seems that we have more than enough fresh water to use. But as a matter of fact, the whole world is in severs shortage of fresh water. With the development of industry, more and more factories use a lot of fresh water. Many factories discharge a large number of poisonous wastes into the rivers and lakes and cause serious pollution of the fresh water. And because of the rapid increase of the world’s population, there is a continuously rising demand for fresh water. In fact, in some big cities, fresh water cannot meet the people’s daily needs. Now it is time for us to do something to solve the problem of fresh water shortage. First, we must take efficient steps to protect our fresh water from being polluted and make it clean. Then we must let everyone understand the dangerous situation he is in. We must also educate the people to know: where there is no water, there is no human being. 1.2 确定文章文体
文体，即文章的表现形式，其中包含体裁和语言。一般来说，不同的体裁应具备不同的语言表达模式和特点，比如说明文说明事物时强调语言明确清晰，实事求是；议论文则要求语言具有逻辑性，肯定性强。大学英语作文文体可分四大类，即议论文、应用文、描写文和记叙文。例如：
Directions: For the part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition in three
paragraphs. Your part of the composition should be no less than 120 words, not including the words given. Remember to write clearly. You should write this composition on the Composition Sheet.
Time
(1) Some people think time is valuable and make good use of it.
(2) Some people make poor use of it.
(3) I think we should form the good habit of saving time.
根据对本篇作文的审题，可以明确它的主题是：珍惜时间。议论文体裁，但兼有说明部分。本篇提纲中的第1、2点要求说明人们对待时间截然不同的两种态度及其原因和表现，第3点则要求在前文的基础上论述自己的观点——应养成珍惜时间的习惯，总结全文的同时，强调了珍惜时间这一主题。由于说明的目的是为了“告知”，所以应侧重摆事实，注意客观、准确；论说的目的是为了“说服”，应注意提出有力的论据和明确的结论。
范文： Time
Some people think time is valuable and make good use of it. They really understand the meaning of “Time and tide wait for no man”. Hence they treasure every single minute of every day and make good use of it in practice. They arrange every day’s time properly, not to waste it. Some people make poor use of it. They spend their precious time oversleeping, drinking, and sometimes playing games or gambling. They do not realize that wasting time is equal to wasting part of their precious life and that they are to pay much for these some day. They always regret having made little achievement in their career owing to their poor use of time. I think we should form the good habit of saving time. Never put off what can be done today till tomorrow. We should think highly of our time just like our lives. Wasting time just like staying in the tomb, you are not yourself, just a walking corpse. 1.3 确立写作要点
大学英语作文所涉及内容均为日常生活、科技、社会和文化等。对这些话题大学生们虽然熟悉，但因字数所限，审题的时候，应该把握文章中心思想，限定话题范围，明确写作重点，其后再进行扩充展开，这样的文章才能思路清晰，主题明确，阐述充分。例如：
“Women in the Modern World”(1987.6)，可以采用议论文的形式，以Women today are playing an increasingly important role both in the family, yet facing many difficulties and obstacles为中心来写作，重点应放在important role和difficulties上，可以首先着重论述妇女在各行各业中发挥越来越大的作用，然后提出妇女在家庭中的地位也有所提高，最后总结妇女们要争取完全的平等，还面临许多困难和障碍，需要克服。 范文： Women in the Modern World
Women are playing an increasingly important role in society. Successful women who are government officials, scientists, athletes, teachers and doctors can be found everywhere. It is fair to say that many jobs that used to be dominated by men can now be done equally well by women. Women are making their influence felt in all walks of life.
With the changes in their social role, women’s position in the family has been improved as well. The husband is no longer the only bread-earner in the family. Both husband and wife cope with the problems of daily life together and share happiness with each other. In spite of these changes, women still face many difficulties and obstacles due to their traditional roles and limited economic strength. Women still have a long way to go in their struggle for complete equality with men.
2. 构思
通过审题弄清楚题目要求之后，需要构思的过程，来对如何按照要求形成文章做一个通盘的考虑，包括安排文章的段落层次，提炼段落主题句，选择所需材料，确定写作方法（举例法、列举法、对比法等）和语言形式（正式、非正式）等。
3. 写提纲
提纲是文章的框架，是对文章内容的一个整体规划。事实上，写提纲就是审题构思后把文章的篇章结构、段落分配、内容安排等落实到笔头，以保证写正文的时候思路清楚。如：所给作文的题目是“Harmfulness of Fake Commodities”。根据审题，可以明确本篇主题是：假冒产品的危害性极大，用议论文体裁来写。写作要点：假冒产品泛滥的现象、假冒产品对社会和人民生活带来的各种危害以及假冒产品问题的解决。根据以上
写作结构和内容可列出如下简要的提纲：
第一段 现象及其原因
第二段 危害1：影响企业的效益和信誉
危害2：给个人带来麻烦甚至危险
第三段 总结强调危害的严重，呼吁政府和个人解决、防范。 范文： Harmfulness of Fake Commodities
Nowadays in the society, there are an enormous number of fake commodities. They have found their ways into almost every store and supermarket. The deep root of this phenomenon lies in some people’s greed for money. In order to make big sums of money, they try every possible means to produce fake commodities, without any regard for other people’s benefit and health. Fake commodities can do serious harm to both consumers and society. Compared with the genuine products, they have more attractive prices, which, without doubt, causes great economic losses to the manufacturers of genuine-products. Furthermore, fake commodities are also detrimental to consumers. For instance, not long ago some consumers were reported to have died from drinking fake wine. So fake commodities are a serious problem in our society and deserve attention from people in all walks of life. The authorities should redouble their efforts to prohibit the production and sale of fake commodities. Also, consumers should be on guard against the temptation from the cheaper fake commodities and be careful not to waste money on them.
4. 写正文
写正文应把重点放在选择适当的写作策略和准确的语言运用上，大学英语作文常见题型——段首句作文、汉语提纲作文、关键词作文、情景作文、图表作文都有各自独特的写作策略和语言技巧（参见Part Three Various Forms of Writing）。
5. 检查修改
这一步骤包括内容和语言，应更加侧重于语言方面的检查。 1) 内容方面
⑴ 每个段落是否切题。 ⑵ 观点是否明确。
⑶ 段落主题句是否准确。
⑷ 段落扩展句是否紧扣段落中心思想。 ⑸ 段落首尾是否照应。
⑹ 段落之间、句子之间是否有较强的条理性、逻辑性。 ⑺ 说理是否充分，是否提供了充分具体的论据、事例。 2) 语言方面：
⑴ 是否有语法错误：主谓是否一致、动词时态是否正确一致、用词形式是否有误等。 ⑵ 单词拼写是否有错、词汇运用是否准确。 ⑶ 句式是否多样，搭配是否合理。
⑷ 是否有过渡词语的使用。 ⑸ 书写格式是否规范。
6. 写作时间分配
可根据以下通常采用的时间分配方案，结合个人情况，找到最适合自己的写作节奏。
审题、构思——3分钟 拟订提纲——5分钟 正文写作——20分钟 检查、修改——2分钟
Part Two Methods of Developing Paragraphs
段落的扩展方式多种多样，其中举例法、列举法、比较法、因果法、分类法等五种方法在大学英语写作中较为常见。
I. Exemplification (举例法)
1. 举例法的含义
举例法是指使用具体事例、论据等对论点予以论证或阐述的方法。运用举例法时，所举事例可以是个人经历，名人逸事或日常事例，但都应具有可信、典型的特征。例如：
In recent years, many Chinese schools and colleges have been suffering an acute shortage of teaching staff. According to a study, there are 100 candidates competing for every vacancy in big companies, whereas there are only ten applicants for a school where one teacher might be needed. （引用数据举例）
Indeed, anyone who wishes to make his life pleasant, efficient and successful will find it wise to “work while he works, play while he plays”. For example, when I am engaged in writing a passage now, I must do it with full concentration and should not think of going shopping with my roommates this afternoon. If my mind is focused on the writing, I will surely do it more smoothly with fewer mistakes and will get a good grade.（用个人经历举例） 2. 举例法常用词语
for example, for instance, as another example, such as, like, be example(s) of, take … as an example, illustrate, show, prove, (e.g. The story he told about her illustrates/shows/proves her generosity very clearly.)
II. Listing (列举法)
1. 列举法的含义
列举法是指在扩展部分列举出一系列论据或原因等对主题句中提出的论点进行说明、论证的方法。运用列举法时，注意不能简单地罗列出所准备的细节，而要按照一定的逻辑顺序来安排多个例证的排列顺序，比如是按照时间顺序、空间顺序、还是主次顺序等。例如：
Young children should spend most of their time playing because it will offer them more advantages than will formal schooling at that age.[topic sentence] To begin with, a child who spends his early years out of school can learn many things that formal schooling does not teach, such as how to take care of himself and how to cope with an ever-expanding world. In addition, he will have a better opportunity to develop a good relationship with his family.