高考第一轮复习 - 语法复习—非谓语动词

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高三第一轮复习语法专项:非谓语动词(一)

导入:

1)She took her son, ran out of the house, _____ him in the car and drove quickly to the nearest doctor’s office.

A. put B. to put C. putting D. having put

陷阱:容易误选B或C,误认为这考查非谓语动词的用法。 分析:正确答案选A。句中的took, ran, put, drove 为四并列的谓语动词,其时态应一致。类似地如(答案选A):

2)I got out of the taxi, _____ the fare and dashed into the station.

A. paid B. paying C. to pay D. having paid 但是,下面一题稍有不同: 3) Hearing the news, he rushed out, ______ the book ______ on the table and disappeared into the distance.

A. left; lain open B. leaving; lying open C. leaving; lie opened D. left; lay opened

此题答案选B,leaving 在此表结果,lying open 与其前的动词leave有关,leave 后接现在分词作宾语补足语,表示使某人或某物处于做某事的状态中。

3) The boss insisted that every minute ______ made full use of ______ the work well. A. be, to do B. was, doing C. be, doing D. was, to do 陷阱:容易误选B。

分析:其实正确答案是A。分析如下:

(1) 第一空填 be,是因为insisted 后接that从句,从句谓语要用“should+动词原形”这样的虚拟语气,其中的should也可省略。

(2) 第二空要填to do,是因为此句谓语为被动语态,假若将此句转换成主动语态,则是 …should make full use of every minute to do the work well, 句中涉及 make use of … to do sth (利用??做某事)这一结构。另外,还有 make the most of (尽量利用),make the best of (尽量利用)等短语也可能用于此类试题。请看以下类似例子:

4)The old professor told us every part of the materials should be made use of ______ the power station.

A. to build B. building C. build D. built

此题答案选 A,不是 B。为便于理解,可先考虑以下结构:

…make use of every part of the materials to build the power station

由此可见,make use of 的宾语是 every part of the materials,其后的不定式 to build the power station 为目的状语。

5)Does the way you thought of _______ the water clean make any sense?

A. making

C. how to make

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B. to make D. having made

6)A cook will be immediately fired if he is found _______ in the kitchen. A. smoke

B. smoking

C. to smoke D. smoked

选B,译为“如果厨师被发现在厨房里抽烟,他将被立马解雇”。因为厨师被发现在抽烟,一定是被发现正在抽烟,所以要用ing形式表示正在进行

7)______ the house on fire, he dialed 911. A. To see

B. Seeing

C. Seen

D. Having seen

Seeing 看见着火了,他打了119 如果用Having seen表示先看见,再打。但是打的时候看不见了,显然不对

非谓语动词

一、非谓语动词的句法功能 语 法 功 能 名称 不定式 动名词 现在分词 过去分词 主语 √ √ 宾语 √ √ 宾语补足语 √ √ √ 表语 √ √ √ √ 定语 √ √ √ √ 状语 √ √ √

二、动词不定式复习中应注意的几个问题

动词不定式的形式变化:动词不定式有下列时态和语态的形式变化 语态式 主 动 被 动 一般式 to build to be build 完成式 to have built 进行式 to be building 完成进行式 to have been building to have been build 动词不定式的时态形式所表示的时间关系:(1)一般式:动词不定式一般式所表示的动作是和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,但在多数情况下,是在谓语动词所表示的动作之后发生,如:We decided to plant more trees this spring.(其后),They often watch us play table tennis.(同时);(2)完成式:动词不定式完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前,如:I am sorryto have kept you waiting.(3)进行式:动词不定式进行式所表示的动作正在进行中,而且与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,如:She happened to be writing a letter in the

room when I came in.

1. 作主语:To help each other is good.(动词不定式作主语时,一般可用it作形式主语,而将作主语的动词不定式置于句末,如:It is good to help each other.

2. 不定式作表语与“be + to do sth.”的异同。不定式作表语说明主语的内容或性质。 His job is to guard.(说明内容)

be + to do sth.(表示按计划要做的事)

作表语:My job is to drive them to the power station every day. 动词不定式在系动词be之后作表语,与表示将来时的be + 动词不定式结构有所区别,如:Our plan is to set up another middle school for the peasants’ children.我们的计划是给农民子弟再成立一所中学。(句中的谓语动词

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为is,动词不定式to set up… 为表语,主语为plan,但plan并不是动词不定式的逻辑主语,即动词不定式 to set up所表示的动作不是主语plan产生的。)We are to set up another middle school for the peasants’ children.我们将为农民的子弟再成立一所中学。(句中的are to set up整个结构为句中谓语,主语为we,同时也是动词不定式to set up所表示的动作的逻辑主语,即动词不定式to set up所表示的动作是由we产生的)。

3. 用带to的不定式作宾语的词语。

下列词语常用带to 的不定式作宾语:afford、promise、refuse、expect、hope、learn、offer、wish、want、fail、plan、agree、forget、like、prefer、decide、manage、try、arrange、determine、desire等。

下列动词后可接疑问词+带to不定式:teach、decide、wonder、show、learn、forget、ask、find out、advise、discuss等。

作宾语:① 作及物动词的宾语,如:She wishes to be a musician.;② 作某些形容词的宾语:可以有动词不定式为宾语的形容词一般有glad, sorry, afraid, pleased, determined, willing, eager, anxious, ready, sure等,如:I am determined to give up smoking.;③ 动词不定式一般不作介词的宾语,但动词不定式之前如有疑问词时,就可作介词的宾语,如:Can you give us some advice on what to do next?

经典例题: 1) Everyone in our class was working hard and doing what we could _______ a good college. A. enter B. to enter C. entering D. entered

陷阱:容易误选A。有的同学一看到空格前的情态动词 could 就断定此处应填动词原形 enter。

分析:其实正确答案应是B。此句为省略句,即在 could 后省略了动词 do,若把句子补完整应为Everyone in our class was working hard and doing what we could do to enter a good college。即句中的不定式短语(to enter a good college)是用作目的状语的,而不是与情态动词(could)一起构成谓语。请再看类似例句:

(1) They did what they could to comfort her. 他们尽量安慰她。

(2) They did everything they could to save her life. 他们尽一切力量拯救她的性命。 (3) He studies as hard as he could to catch up with his classmates. 他拼命学习以便赶上他的同学。

值得指出的是,这也并不是说今后只要遇到类似结构的题就一定选带to不定式。请看以下试题:

2)He ran as fast as he could _____ to catch the early bus.

A. to hope B. hope C. hoping D. hoped 此题的答案是 C不是A,其中的现在分词短语 hoping to catch the early bus 用作伴随状语。

3)He spent every minute he could _____ spoken English.

A. practise B. to practise C. practising D. practised

此题答案选 C,这与前面动词 spent 的搭配有关,即 spend … (in) doing sth。若将此句补充完整,即为 He spent every minute he could spend in practising spoken English. 4)Before going abroad he devoted all he could ____D____ his oral English.

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A. improve B. to improve C. improving D. to improving 此题答案选D,注意两点:一是 devote … to … 是固定搭配,意为“把??贡献给??”;二是其中的 to 是介词,不是不定式符号,后接动词时要用动名词。

3. 如何理解和使用不定式作宾补。

①动词see、watch、notice、hear、listen to、observe、feel、taste、smell、make、let、have等的宾补用动词原形,变被动时要加to,此时的不定式就是主语补足语。

②常用带to的不定式作宾补的几种情况:

(1)主语 + ask / require / tell / order / force / get / want / like + sb.to do sth.

(2)主语 + think / judge / suppose / believe / consider /imagine/

consider / feel + sb. + to be/ to have done

(3)主语 + call on / upon / depend on / wait for / ask for + sb.+ to do sth.

作宾语补足语,如:Tell the children not to play on the street. 如果句中的谓语动词为see, hear, watch, notice, have, make, let等,作宾语补足语的动词不定式须将to省去,如:I saw a little girl run across the street.

动词不定式在句中作宾语,如带有宾语补足语时,须先用it作形式宾语,而将该动词不定式后置,如:I don’t think it right to do it that way. 经典例题:

1) He knows nothing about it, so he can’t help _______ any of your work. A. doing B. to do C. being doing D. to be done

陷阱:容易误选B,根据 can’t help doing sth 这一结构推出。 分析:其实答案应选A。比较以下结构: can’t help to do sth = 不能帮助做某事

can’t help doing sth = 禁不住做某事,情不自禁地做某事 又如下面一题,答案也是 B:

She can’t help ____ the house because she’s busy making a cake. A cleaning B. to clean C. cleaned D. being cleaned 再请看以下试题:

2) While shopping, people sometimes can’t help _____ into buying something they don’t really need.

A. to persuade B. persuading C. being persuaded D. be persuaded

此题应选C,句中的 can’t help 意为“禁不住”(注意根据句意用被动形式)。 3) Both of my parents insisted _______ a computer for me, but I don’t think it is necessary. A. to buy B. buying C. on buying D. in buying

陷阱:容易误选B,误认为insist后不能接不定式,但可以接动名词。 分析:答案应选C。其实,动词 insist 后既不能接不定式也不能接动名词,因为insist 通常用作不及物动词;若语义上需接宾语,要借助介词 on或upon,即用于 insist on [upon] (doing) sth;但它有时的确也可用作及物动词,不过其宾语通常只能是 that 从句,而不能是普通的名词、代词或动名词。如:

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