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UK’s industrial revolution
张明敏 应用英语学院 2013级2班
Part one：introduction of UK’s industrial revolution
More than one hundred years, historians carried on the thorough research to the industrial revolution and economics, but what exactly is an industrial revolution often tell people.Scholars disagree on the existence of the industrial revolution in the history,even admit that the industrial revolution is a big economic reforms, also conducted a gradual theory and mutation theory. Mantoux, make a thorough inquiry of the original concept of the industry revolution.He points out that Marx referred to in the \revolution\Das Kapital. And then, \revolution\in 1850, have been used by Andre Malraux.Even in 1845, it has been used in theBritishWorkingClass of Engels.
And here,the definition of it is that the industrial revolution is a period from the 18th to the 19th century where major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transport, and technology had a tremendous effect on the social economic and cultural conditions starting in the Great Britain,then subsequently spreading throughout Europe, North America, and eventually the world.
Part two:The influence of UK’s industrial revolution
The UK’s Revolution brought about dramatic changes in nearly every aspect of British society, including economy, politics, social structures and institutions.
First, The Industrial Revolution had made Great Britain the wealthiest country in the world. Its Industrial productivity increased dramatically. Thus, Great Britain became the most advanced industrial country and also the financial center in the world. As Britain’s incoming finances grew and increased, citizens were able to move up the rungs of the social class ladder in British society, thus improving their financial and educational statuses. Alongside new inventions came exciting discoveries in medicine, providing for better treatments of diseases and thus promoting the overall health of British society. Meanwhile, in Britain, roads made of longer-lasting surfaces and canals connected all parts of the nation. A mining engineer, George Stephenson, developed the first steam-powered locomotive, opening the way for the building of railroads. Railroads and steam-powered ships improved transportation around the world. In 1837, an American inventor, Samuel F.B. Morse, devised the telegraph, which revolutionized communications. In a word, all these new inventions made people’s life more convenient.
Second,with the growth of factories, people were drawn to
metropolitan centers.This result in an increase in population and urbanization. By 1850, the urban population was half of the whole population in Britain. The country also underwent a process of mass urbanization. Many new cities sprang up, such as Manchester, Leeds, Birmingham and Sheffield.
Third, The Industrial Revolution also created changes in class structure. The capitalist class replaced the old nobility as the most important force in the country. Meanwhile, a large proletariat class came into being, who owned neither the means of production nor the products. The Industrial Revolution had its good side. But there was a saying that every coin has two sides. Obviously, The Industrial Revolution also had its bad side.
Due to the factory system was largely responsible for the rise of the modern city, as large numbers of workers migrated into the cities in search of employment in the factories. In the large number of workers, there was a particular worker group, the child labours. They were forced to work in relatively bad conditions for much lower pay than their elders. There once was reported that, children as young as four were employed. Beatings and long hours were common, with some child coal miners working from 4 am until 5 pm. Conditions were dangerous, with some children were severely injured and sometimes killed when they dozed off and fell into the path of the carts, while others died from gas explosions. Many children developed lung cancer and other diseases and died before the age of 25.
At the same time, Industrialization has brought factory pollutants and greater land use, which have harmed the natural environment. In particular, the application of machinery and science to agriculture has led to greater land use and, therefore, extensive loss of habitat for animals and plants. In addition, Industrialization and urbanization have also created some new social problems. For example: divide between rich and poor, overcrowding, living conditions were unsanitary, as well as cramped and impoverished and other defects.
Part three:Revelation that China can drew from the UK’s industrial revolution Britain's industrial revolution directly affects the process of human society, it provides a good reference for the development of our country. In according withresearching, revelation as follows.
Ⅰ. Solve the problem of migrant workers and ensure the necessary social welfare in terms of employment
In the early stage of the enclosure movement, with a large number of rural laborers into cities, it appears that a large number of unemployed are homeless because it was beyond the
absorbing ability of cities.It influenced the urban security seriously. ( it also appears in China Guangzhou and other places now ), Therefore, the British government had killed plenty of homeless farmers.But conspicuously, it is those people that provides the most scarce resources for the industrial revolution.
On the one hand,officials in coastal cities now complain the migrant workers problem, on the other hand,they are badly in needof labor.Migrant workers have played and are still playing an important role in China's industrialization and urbanization, but they lack necessary social welfare in terms of employment and retirement benefits compared with urban workers. Migrant workers face many difficulties at work, such as backbreaking work, high health risks,weak social welfare and social security, as well as poor protection of rights. These people have made great contributions and sacrifices on the road to China's fast-paced economic development and transformation.Therefore, they deserve part of the economic benefits.The least the authorities could do is to end the differential treatment of urban and rural residents. This is an issue they cannot afford to ignore if they want to ensure China's sustainable development, including urbanization and economic transformation.
Ⅱ. Adjust population structure problem reasonably.
The development of British industrial revolution attributed to the new increase of young labor rather than the Middle-aged labor or senior migrant workers .Since the middle of the 18th century, The population of UK has increased by three times. It means that there are abundant labor.
As a matter of fact, any country industrialization process count on the new increase of young labor.Industrialization is a process of accumulation.For quite some time,China became the “factory of the world”thanks to abundant supplies of cheap labor.With China's growing