发布时间 : 星期三 文章课时讲练通高中英语（高考分类题库）考点1 阅读理解 外研版必修1更新完毕开始阅读
考点1 阅读理解
一、 科普知识类
(2016·江苏卷·B)
话题:黑猩猩与人类 词数:387 难度:★★★
Chimps(黑猩猩)will cooperate in certain ways,like gathering in war parties to protect their territory.But beyond the minimum requirements as social beings,they have little instinct(本能)to help one another.Chimps in the wild seek food for themselves.Even chimp mothers regularly decline to share food with their children,who are able from a young age to gather their own food.
In the laboratory,chimps don’t naturally share food either.If a chimp is put in a cage where he can pull in one plate of food for himself or,with no greater effort,a plate that also provides food for a neighbor in the next cage,he will pull at random—he just doesn’t care whether his neighbor gets fed or not.Chimps are truly selfish.
Human children,on the other hand,are naturally cooperative.From the earliest ages,they desire to help others,to share information and to participate in achieving common goals.The psychologist Michael Tomasello has studied this cooperativeness in a series of experiments with very young children.He finds that if babies aged 18 months see an unrelated adult with hands full trying to open a door,almost all will immediately try to help.
There are several reasons to believe that the urges to help,inform and share are not taught,but naturally possessed in young children.One is that these instincts appear at a very young age before most parents have started to train their children to behave socially.Another is that the helping behaviors are not improved if the children are rewarded.A third reason is that social intelligence develops in children before their general cognitive(认知的)skills,at least when compared with chimps.In tests conducted by Tomasello,the human children did no better than the
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chimps on the physical world tests but were considerably better at understanding the social world.
The core of what children’s minds have and chimps’don’t is what Tomasello calls shared intentionality.Part of this ability is that they can infer what others know or are thinking.But beyond that,even very young children want to be part of a shared purpose.They actively seek to be part of a“we”,a group that intends to work toward a shared goal.
【文章大意】通过实验,对比黑猩猩与人类的主观能动性。 58.What can we learn from the experiment with chimps? A.Chimps seldom care about others’interests. B.Chimps tend to provide food for their children. C.Chimps like to take in their neighbors’food. D.Chimps naturally share food with each other.
【解析】选A。推理判断题。由第二段...he just doesn’t care whether his neighbor gets fed or not.Chimps are truly selfish.可知黑猩猩很少去关心其他猩猩的利益。 59.Michael Tomasello’s tests on young children indicate that they . A.have the instinct to help others B.know how to offer help to adults C.know the world better than chimps D.trust adults with their hands full
【解析】选A。细节理解题。由第三段最后一句He finds that if babies aged 18 months see an unrelated adult with hands full trying to open a door,almost all will immediately try to help.可知小孩有帮助别人的本能。 60.The passage is mainly about . A.the helping behaviors of young children B.ways to train children’s shared intentionality C.cooperation as a distinctive human nature D.the development of intelligence in children
【解析】选C。主旨大意题。文章通过人类与猩猩的比较得知,合作、相互帮助是人类的本性。
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(2016·浙江卷·C)
话题:儿童玩耍与科学家的研究 词数:444 难度:★★★
A scientist working at her lab bench and a six-month-old baby playing with his food might seem to have little in common.After all,the scientist is engaged in serious research to uncover the very nature of the physical world,and the baby is,well,just playing...right?Perhaps,but some developmental psychologists(心理学家)have argued that this“play”is more like a scientific investigation than one might think.
Take a closer look at the baby playing at the table.Each time the bowl of rice is pushed over the table edge,it falls to the ground—and,in the process,it brings out important evidence about how physical objects interact(相互作用):bowls of rice do not float in mid-air,but require support to remain stable.It is likely that babies are not born knowing this basic fact of the universe;nor are they ever clearly taught it.Instead,babies may form an understanding of object support through repeated experiments and then build on this knowledge to learn even more about how objects interact.Though their ranges and tools differ,the baby’s investigation and the scientist’s experiment appear to share the same aim(to learn about the natural world),overall approach(gathering direct evidence from the world),and logic(are my observations what I expected?).
Some psychologists suggest that young children learn about more than just the physical world in this way—that they investigate human psychology and the rules of language using similar means.For example,it may only be through repeated experiments,evidence gathering,and finally overturning a theory,that a baby will come to accept the idea that other people can have different views and desires from what he or she has,for example,unlike the child,Mommy actually doesn’t like Dove chocolate.
Viewing childhood development as a scientific investigation throws light on how children learn,but it also offers an inspiring look at science and scientists.Why do young children and scientists seem to be so much alike?Psychologists have suggested that science as an effort—the desire to explore,explain,and understand
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our world—is simply something that comes from our babyhood.Perhaps evolution(进化)provided human babies with curiosity and a natural drive to explain their worlds,and adult scientists simply make use of the same drive that served them as children.The same cognitive(认知的)systems that make young children feel good about figuring something out may have been adopted by adult scientists.As some psychologists put it,“It is not that children are little scientists but that scientists are big children.”
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了孩子的玩耍和科学家的研究的共同之处。 50.According to some developmental psychologists, . A.a baby’s play is nothing more than a game B.scientific research into babies’games is possible
C.the nature of babies’play has been thoroughly investigated D.a baby’s play is somehow similar to a scientist’s experiment
【解析】选D。细节理解题。根据第一段第三句,有些发展心理学家认为,玩耍比我们想象的更像是一次科学实验。
51.We learn from Paragraph 2 that .
A.scientists and babies seem to observe the world differently B.scientists and babies often interact with each other C.babies are born with the knowledge of object support D.babies seem to collect evidence just as scientists do
【解析】选D。推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句,尽管范围和工具不尽相同,婴儿的调查和科学家的实验看起来有同样的目标、总体方法以及逻辑,可知婴儿和科学家一样,都是在收集证据。
52.Children may learn the rules of language by . A.exploring the physical world B.investigating human psychology C.repeating their own experiments D.observing their parents’behaviors
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