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主谓一致
谓语受主语支配，须与主语在人称和数上保持一致，这叫主谓一致。主谓一致要遵循三条原则：语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近原则。
一、语法一致原则
主语是单数形式，谓语动词也用单数形式；主语是复数形式，谓语动词也用复数形式。 1. 单数名词、不可数名词及单数代词作主语，谓语用单数；复数名词及复数代词作主语，谓语用复数。例如： Tom is swimming in the river.
A lot of books have been bought by them. His wish is to be a doctor.
We are preparing for the coming examinations.
2. 用and或both…and连接的并列主语，其谓语动词一般用复数形式。例如： Both my father and mother are advanced workers. 我父亲和母亲都是先进工作者。 Rubber and plastics are useful. 橡胶和塑料是有用的。
3、由and连接的并列单数主语前，如果分别由many a, each, every, no修饰时，谓语动词要用单数形式。
Every boy and every girl wishes to attend the evening party.
4、在主谓倒装的句子中，谓语动词的数应与其后面的主语一致。 On the table stand two bottles. There comes our teacher.
5、either, neither, each, one, the other, another, anybody, anyone, anything, somebody, something, everyone, no one, nothing等不定代词，作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。(即由every-,some-,any-及no-等构成的复合不定代词作主语，谓语用单数。) Each of the books is interesting. Everyone in our class likes playing chess.
6、只有复数形式的名词，如：shoes, clothes, trousers, scissors, slippers, socks, glasses等作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。 Her clothes are made by herself.
但是，如果这些名词前面有a pair of来修饰时，其谓语动词的单、复数，取决于pair的单复数。
This pair of scissors belongs to me. Those pairs of scissors are yours.
7、以-ing+s结尾的名词，如：savings, earnings, surroundings, belongings等；和某些名词的复数形式含有特定的意义如：arms（武器）, ashes（骨灰）, regards（致意）等，作主语时，谓语动词用复数。
The surroundings are very satisfactory. My pains（辛苦） have been rewarded.
注意：以-s结尾的学科名词，如mathematics, economics, physics, politics, gymnastics，plastics等，虽然形式上是复数，常为不可数名词，谓语动词用单数。以-s结尾的国家、单位的专有名词常为单数，如：the United States, the United Nations等。
General Motors has recently closed down a plant. (通用汽车公司最近关闭了一家工厂。) 8、固定词组：a number of +名词复数，数字+kinds of +名词，different kinds of+名词，a few+
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名词, a great many+名词, a group of+名词, a variety of+名词, an average of+数词+名词, a/the majority of+名词, a total of+名词做主语时，谓语动词用复数。
the number of +名词， a kind of +名词，the variety of +名词,the total of +名词, the proportion of +名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。 The number of students is increasing each year.
A number of the students in our school have joined the Youth League. There are different kinds of trees in the garden. This kind of apple tastes good.
但是a crowd of, a gang of, a variety of, a group of+复数名词，视为整体，谓语动词用单数。 9、a little, a great deal of, much, a large sum of, a large amount of后面跟不可数名词，用单数谓语。
A large sum of money was saved.
10、a collection of, a mass of, a pile of, a portion of, a set of, a species of后面既可以跟可数也可跟不可数名词，但都用单数谓语。
There is a collection of pictures at the Town Hall.
11、短语a pair of, a range of, a bunch of, a series of, a line of, a/this kind of, a/this sort/type of 后面跟复数名词，用单数谓语。
A series of lectures on language is said to be given by Mr. Stone. 12、quantity和amount的用法 量词 a large/small quantity of a large/small quantity of quantities of the quantity of a large/vast amount of large/vast amounts of the amount of 复数名词 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 不可数名词 Y Y Y 谓语动词 复数 Y Y Y Y 单数 *1．a quantity of后既可接复数可数名词，亦可接不可数名词。在它们分别和其后的名词构成短语作主语时，其谓语动词通常看of后名词的具体情况而采用单数或复数形式。如果是接不可数名词，则谓语用单数形式，如果是接复数可数名词，则谓语通常要采用复数形式（※偶而接单数式谓语，属非规范用法，宜慎用。）
2．quantities of后既可接复数可数名词，亦可接不可数名词,后面的谓语都用复数形式。
二、意义一致原则
有时主语形式为单数，但意义为复数，谓语动词依意义而定用复数。反之，主语形式为复数，但意义为单数，谓语动词也用单数。一般来说有以下几种情况：
1、把度量、时间、距离、价格、书名等的复数名词看作一个整体时，谓语动词常用单数。 Two hours is not enough. Five hundred dollars is too dear.
The Selected Poems of Li Bai was published long ago. Five miles is not a long distance.
注意：若明显指的是个体，则根据语法一致原则。如：
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There are only two pence left in my pocket.
2、有些集体名词如：family, team, group, crew, class, audience, club, committee, company, couple, crowd, data, enemy, government, majority, media, party, public, staff, youth等作主语时，谓语动词根据其意义，单、复数均可用。名词作为整体，动词则用单数；但如果名词指各个个体，动词则用复数。例如： My family is a big one.
My family were watching TV then.
The population of Shanghai is increasing very fast. Two fifths of the population in the country are peasants. The couple are spending their honeymoon. Each couple was asked to complete a form.
某些集体名词如people, police, cattle, goods, poultry（家禽）只当作复数看待，谓语动词必须用复数。
The police are searching for the thief. Domestic cattle provide us with milk and beef. The goods belong to Mr Wang.
单复数同形的名词如deer, sheep, fish等作主语时，谓语动词根据意义，决定单复数。 A sheep is over there. Some sheep are over there.
news, politics, physics, plastics等形式为复数而意义为单数的名词作主语，谓语用单数。 No news is good news.
复数形式的单复数同形的名词如means（方法）, works(工厂), species（种类）等，谓语动词根据意义，决定单复数。
The/This glass works was set up in 1980.
The /These glass works are near the railway station.
*work:“工作”，为不可数名词；“著作”，为可数名词，有单复数之分。
当它们前面有a, such a, this, that修饰时，谓语用单数；有all, such, these, those修饰时，用复数。
3、当all，some, any, none, heaps of, half，most，the rest，lots of，a lot of, plenty of, a proportion of, loads of, a part of, the part of, masses of, the mass of, 分数/百分数/小数后跟of短语做主语，表示全部或部分概念时，谓语动词的形式要用意义一致原则。如所跟名词为复数，谓语动词用复数；如所跟名词为单数或不可数名词，谓语动词用单数。例如： All of the students are here on time. All of the work has been finished. The rest of the money is not enough.
The rest of my holidays were spent in London. Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is sea.
60 percent of the students in our class are League members. Lots of damage was caused by fire.
4、两个或两个以上的并列主语，如果指同一人或同一物或同一概念时，根据其意义，要用单数谓语动词。这时and后面的名词没有冠词。例如： The poet and writer has come.
A singer and dancer is coming to attend our meeting.
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但如果and连接的两个名词虽指两个人，但表示同一概念，谓语仍用单数。例如： John and Alice at the same bridge table is unthinkable.约翰和爱丽斯在同一张桥牌桌上玩真是不可思议。
the husband and wife，father and mother, mother and daughter，peace and war这类已成短语的名词作主语，谓语往往用单数。例如：
Father and mother is husband and wife; husband and wife is one flesh.父母是夫妻；夫妻是一体。
War and Peace is the longest book I’ve read.
5、由定冠词+形容词/分词作主语时，谓语动词的形式根据主语的意义而定。表示一类人，用复数谓语，表示个体，用单数谓语。例如： The sick were all well treated. The sick is his grandpa. The French speak French.
The old are taken good care of.
6、名词性从句或非谓语动词作主语时，一般用单数谓语动词。例如： How were the Pyramids made is still a mystery. Driving fast on a raining day is very dangerous. 若主语从句所指具体内容是复数，用复数谓语。（主要看表语的单复数） What we need are doctors.
What was real to him were the details of his life.
由and连接的两个(或多个)动名词或不定式作主语，如果并列的动名词或不定式语义相同或相似，谓语用单数，但如果两个名词性从句作并列主语或两个非谓语动词并列分指两件事情，谓语动词要用复数形式。
When we will set out and where we will go haven’t been decided yet. Learning a theory and putting it into practice are two different things. Lying and stealing are not right.
To love and to be loved is sweet to me.
Weeping and wailing does nothing towards solving the problem.
7、one and a half后边要接复数名词，作主语时，谓语动词要用单数。 One and a half apples is in the basket.
A year and a half has passed.( A year and a half看作一个时间段,谓语用单数)
8、名词所有格之后的名词被省略的情况一般只指商店、公共建筑物、住宅等，作主语时，动词一般用单数。
The doctor’s is on this side of the street. My uncle’s is not far from here. 商店：the baker’s, the barber’s 住宅：my aunt’s, the Johnsons’
公共建筑物：St Paul’s (Cathedral), St Jame’s (Palace)
9、名词型物主代词后的动词，既可以用单数，也可以用复数，这取决于它所代替的是单数还是复数。
Ours(=Our Party) is a great Party.
Your shoes are black, mine(=my shoes) are brown.
such, the same起指示代词作用时，应根据其所指的内容来决定单复数。 Such is our plan.
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