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Chapter 1 Introductions to Linguistics I. Choose the best answer. (20%)
1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human ______B____
A. contact B. communication C. relation D. community 2. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary? A A. tree B. typewriter C. crash D. bang
3. The function of the sentence ―Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade.‖ is ____C______.
A. interrogative B. directive C. informative （概念） D. performative（叙事） 4. In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say―碎碎（岁岁）平安‖as a means of controlling the forces which they believes feel might affect their lives. Which functions does it perform? C
A. Interpersonal B. Emotive C. Performative D. Recreational
5. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation? C
A. Transferability B. Duality C. Displacement（移位性） D. Arbitrariness
6. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language? B — A nice day, isn’t it?
— Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.
A. Emotive B. Phatic C. Performative D. Interpersonal
7. ___A_______ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances.
A. Performance B. Competence C. Langue D. Parole
8. When a dog is barking, you assume it is barking for something or at someone that exists hear and now. It couldn’t be sorrowful for some lost love or lost bone. This indicates the design feature of ___C_______.
A. cultural transmission B. productivity C. displacement D. duality
9. ___A_______ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language. A. Psycholinguistics B.Anthropological linguistics C. Sociolinguistics D. Applied linguistics
10. _____C_____ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education. A. Linguistic theory B. Practical linguistics C. Applied linguistics D. Comparative linguistics
II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)
11. Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way used by the deaf-mute is not language. F
12. Language change is universal, ongoing and arbitrary. F
13. Speaking is the quickest and most efficient way of the human communication systems. T 14. Language is written because writing is the primary medium for all languages. F
15. We were all born with the ability to acquire language, which means the details of any language system can be genetically transmitted. F
16. Only human beings are able to communicate. F
17. F. de Saussure, who made the distinction between langue and parole in the early 20th century, was a French linguist. F
18. A study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare’s time is an example of the diachronic（历时性） study of language. Synchronic(共时性) F
19. Speech and writing came into being at much the same time in human history. F 20. All the languages in the world today have both spoken and written forms. F Chapter 2 Speech Sounds
I. Choose the best answer. (20%)
1. Pitch variation is known as _____ A _____ when its patterns are imposed on sentences. A. intonation B. tone C. pronunciation D. voice 2. Conventionally a _____C_____ is put in slashes (/ /).
A. allophone B. phone C. phoneme D. morpheme Phonemic transcriptions-----/ / phonetic transcriptions-----[ ]
3. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are ____D______ of the p phoneme. A. analogues B. tagmemes C. morphemes D. allophones 4. The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as ____A______.
A. glottis(声门) B. vocal cavity C. pharynx D. uvula
5. The diphthongs that are made with a movement of the tongue towards the center are known as ___A_______ diphthongs.
A. wide B. closing C. narrow D. centering 6. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called ____D______.
A. minimal pairs B. allomorphs C. phones D. allophones
7. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds? B A. Acoustic phonetics B. Articulatory phonetics（发音语音学） C. Auditory phonetics D. None of the above
8. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation? A A. [n] B. [m] C. [ b ] D. [p]
9. Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels? B A. [i:] B. [ u ] C. [e] D. [ i ]
10. What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating? B A. Voiceless B. Voiced C. Glottal stop D. Consonant II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%) 11. Suprasegmental phonology（超音） refers to the study of phonological properties of units larger than the segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence. T
12. The air stream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modification to acquire the quality of a speech sound. T
13. Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word, but merely a different pronunciation. T 14. [p] is a voiced bilabial stop. F
15. Acoustic phonetics（声学语音学） is concerned with the perception of speech sounds. F Acoustic phonetics——physical properties perceptual phonetics----- perception
16. All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and a coda. T 17. When pure vowels or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glides take place. T 18. According to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowels can be divided into tense vs. lax or long vs. short. T
19. Received Pronunciation is the pronunciation accepted by most people. F
20. The maximal onset principle states that when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the coda rather than the onset. F Chapter 3 Lexicon
I. Choose the best answer. (20%)
1. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as ____A______. A. lexical words B. grammatical words C. function words D. form words
2. Morphemes(语态) that represent tense, number, gender and case are called ___A_______ morpheme.
A. inflectional（屈折变化） B. free C. bound D. derivational 3. There are _____C_____ morphemes in the word denationalization. A. three B. four C. five D. six 4. In English –ise and –tion are called ____B______.
A. prefixes B. suffixes C. infixes D. stems（词干） 5. The three subtypes of affixes are: prefix, suffix and ___C____.
A. derivational affix B. inflectional affix C. infix D. back-formation
6. _____B_____ is a way in which new words may be formed from already existing words by subtracting an affix which is thought to be part of the old word.
A. affixation B. back-formation C. insertion D. addition 7. The word TB is formed in the way of ____A______.
A. acronymy(缩略词) B. clipping C. initialism D. blending 8. The words like comsat and sitcom are formed by ____A______.
A. blending B. clipping C. back-formation D. acronymy 9. The stem of disagreements is ____D______.
A. agreement B. agree C. disagree D. disagreement 10. All of them are meaningful except for ____B______.
A. lexeme（词位） B. phoneme（音素） C. morpheme（语素） D. allomorph（语素变化） II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)
11. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress. F
12. Fore as in foretell is both a prefix and a bound morpheme. T
13. Base refers to the part of the word that remains when all inflectional affixes are removed.F
14. In most cases, prefixes（前缀） change the meaning of the base whereas suffixes（后缀） change the word-class of the base. T
15. Conversion from noun to verb is the most productive process of a word. T
16. Reduplicative compound（重叠复合） is formed by repeating the same morpheme of a word. F
17. The words whimper, whisper and whistle are formed in the way of onomatopoeia. T
18. In most cases, the number of syllables（音节） of a word corresponds to the number of morphemes（语素）. F
19. Back-formation is a productive way of word-formations. F 20. Inflection is a particular way of word-formations. F Chapter 4 Syntax
I. Choose the best answer. (20%)
1. The sentence structure is ___D_____.
A. only linear B. only hierarchical
C. complex D. both linear and hierarchical 2. The syntactic rules of any language are __C__ in number.
A. large B. small C. finite（有限） D. infinite
3. The ___D_____ rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentences.
A. lexical（词汇） B. morphological（形态学）C. linguistic D. combinational 4. A sentence is considered _D___ when it does not conform to the grammati?cal knowledge in the mind of native speakers.
A. right B. wrong C. grammatical D. ungrammatical
5. A ___D_______ in the embedded clause（嵌入从句） refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.
A. coordinator（并列） B. particle C. preposition（提议） D. subordinator（从属） 6. Phrase structure rules have _A___ properties.
A. recursive B. grammatical C. social D. functional 7. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand ____D_________. A. how words and phrases form sentences.
B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of words C. how people produce and recognize possible sentences D. all of the above.
8. The head of the phrase ―the city Rome‖ is ____D______.
A. the city B. Rome C. city D. the city Rome 9. The phrase ―on the shelf‖ belongs to ____B______ construction.
A. endocentric（向心）B. exocentric（离心） C. subordinate（从属）D. coordinate（并列） 10. The sentence ―They were wanted to remain quiet and not to expose themselves.‖ is a ____A______ sentence.
A. simple B. coordinate C. compound D. complex Sentence: simple
Non-simple : complex(复杂句) / compound（复合句）
II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)
11. Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules that comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker are known as linguistic competence. T
12. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend. T
13. In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other. T 14. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to