发布时间 : 星期四 文章Intercultural communication skills更新完毕开始阅读
used so much in Chinese cooking. Also , a small but significant number of Westerners vegetarians ,and they won't eat dishes that contain meat .(Exactly what Western vegetarians often find eating in China difficult not only because so many Chinese dishes contain at least some meat ,but also because it is hard for Westerners to tell whether a particular Chinese dish has meat in it or not .
This may cause a Western vegetarian to be reluctant to eat very much at a Chinese banquet.
Sincerely,
Fran Culture Deference Reading:
Individualist and Collectivist Cultures
As we discuss culture in this book, our goal is not to say that one culture is better or worse than another. Instead, our goal is to describe differences between cultures, and try to come to a better understanding of Western and Chinese culture. Before one can evaluate a culture, one must understand it.
Many differences between Chinese and Western culture are related to one basic difference, the difference between individualist and collectivist cultures.
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方人是素食主义者，他们不吃带有肉的菜。（西方素食主义者具体吃什么或不吃什么因人而异。西方素食主义者觉得在中国饮食困难，不仅因为很多中国菜至少包含某种肉，还因为他们很难辨别某道中国菜中是否含有肉。
这也许会导致西方素食主义者在中国宴席上吃得不多。
诚上
弗朗
文化差异阅读： 个人主义与集体主义
当本书讨论文化时，我们的目的不是要指出某种文化优于或劣于另一种文化。而是讨论文化间的差异，以便更好地理解西方文化。想要评价某种文化，那我们必须理解它。
许多中西方文化差异都源于一个基本的差异即集体主义文化与个人主义文化的差异。
An individualist culture is one in which people tend to view themselves as individuals and to emphasize the needs of individuals. In general, Western culture tends to be individualist.
A collectivist culture is one in which people tend to view themselves as members of groups (families, work units, tribes, nations), and usually consider the needs of the group to be more important than the needs of individuals. Most Asian cultures, including China's, tend to be collectivist.
Let us look at two examples of this basic cultural difference:
Schools: One illustration of the difference
between
collectivist
and
individualist culture can be found in the way schools are organized. For example, in Chinese secondary schools and even universities, students generally function as a group . They are organized into class groups (ban), and all students in the same class group have the same courses together. In contrast, American high school and university students are expected to function as individuals. They generally choose at least some courses according to their own interests, and as a
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个人主义文化中，人们倾向于把自己看成个体，强调个人需求。大体上，西方文化倾向于个人主义。
集体主义文化中人们倾向于把自己看成小组（家庭，工作单位，部落，国家）的成员，通常他们视集体的需要高于个人需求。大多数亚洲文化，包括中国文化倾向于集体文化。
我们看看体现这种基本文化差异的例子。
学校是集体主义和个人主义文化差异多一个证明，这可以从学校组织方式看到。比如，中国的中学甚至大学，学生通常以小组形式进行活动。他们被编成班，同一班上所有同学一起上相同的课。对比之下，美国中学、大学期望学生以个人形式活动。通常，他们会根据自己的兴趣爱好，选择一些课程，因此他们在不同的课堂上会有不同的同学。没有像中国一样的班级组织。
result they generally have different classmates in different courses. They have no class group quite like a Chinese \
Parties serve as anther illustration of this collectivist -individualist difference. For example, Chinese parties often have a group focus, either a shared meal or a set of performances that everyone watches and in which many participate. In contrast, one very typical kind of party in American is a cocktail party in which people chat together in pairs or small groups, changing conversation partners many times during the course of the evening.
Here are a few more specific differences between individualist Western cultures and collectivist cultures:
1) Westerners tend to believe that people should rely on themselves as much as possible -and they usually expect other people to do the same. For example, while Westerners often offer to help family members and friends during emergency situations, they may not assume they are obligated to this. Instead, they may view such assistance as voluntary.
In
contrast,
people
in
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聚会是集体主义和个人主义不同的另一个证明。比如，中国的聚会通常有一个小组焦点。要么是聚餐，要么是每个人都观赏，很多人都参与的一系列表演。对比下，一个非常典型的美国聚会是鸡尾酒聚会，会上人们成对或成小组进行交谈，晚间聚会过程中，交谈同伴会换很多次。
下面是西方个人主义与集体主义几个更多的差异。 1）西方人倾向于坚信人们应该尽可能多地依靠自己，并希望他人也照做。比如，尽管在紧急情况下西方人经常会帮助家庭成员或朋友，但不会认为有义务这样做。相反，他们会把这种帮助看成自愿者行为。相对比，集体主义文化下，人们通常认为他们有权从家庭成员，同学等处获得帮助，也倾向于认为他们有义务帮助小组团体成员。
collectivist cultures generally feel they have a right to expect help from other members of their
groups (family,
classmates, and so forth), and they also tend to feel they have an obligation to help other members of their groups.
2) Westerners generally feel that the rights of individuals should not be subordinated to the needs of a larger group, or at least that individuals should have the right to decide for themselves whether to sacrifice their personal benefit for the sake of the group. For example, most Westerners feel that the individual's right to privacy is very important , so governments should not be allowed to keep detailed
files of personal
information about people in collectivist cultures are generally more willing to accept the idea that individuals should sacrifice for the benefit of the group l
3) Westerners tend to believe that individuals should make decisions for themselves, and that individuals should take credit and responsibility for what they have personally done. They are usually not very willing to accept responsibility for something another member of their group has done, even if
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2）西方人大体认为个人权力不应该从属于更大团体的需要，或至少个人应该有权决定是否为了团体需要而牺牲个人利益。比如，大多数西方人觉得个人隐私权很重要，不允许政府保存个人详细信息—即使这些信息能帮助解决犯罪造福于大众。事实上，西方人认为确保集体利益最好的方式就是保护好个人权力。对比下，集体主义下人们通常愿意接受为了集体利益个人应该做出牺牲的观念。
3）西方人倾向于相信人们应该自己做决定，个人应该为自己的所作所为承担责任。通常不愿意为团体中某一成员做的事承担责任，即使那位成员是亲密的家属。比如，若哪位西方人犯了罪，其他家庭成员或朋友不会为那个人的行为承担责任。也正如此，若家庭某一成员变得非常成功，