发布时间 : 星期四 文章英文写作手册中文翻译更新完毕开始阅读
deal (agreement) damn (very) neat (nice)
Since such words are nonstandard, we need not use them either in speech or in writing.
既然这些词不规范，我们也不必在演讲或写作时使用。 II. Choice of Words 二、单词的选择
When we write on common topics for the general audience, we may achieve accuracy and appropriateness by bearing in mind the following guidelines about the choice of words:
当我们写一个大众常见的主题，通过牢记选择单词遵循的指导原则，会如愿以偿选出准确得体的单词。
(1)Use common or informal words for general purposes; use formal or nonstandard words only on special occasions or for special purposes;
(1)常见或非正式词用于一般用途；正式或不规范词仅用于特殊场合或特殊目的。
(2)Use specific and concrete words when giving details; use general or abstract words when making summaries;
(2)使用特指、具体的词汇描写细节；使用概括或抽象的词汇进行总结。
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(3)Use idiomatic expressions and words in acceptable collocations; avoid combinations that are unidiomatic;
(3)使用习惯表达和可接受的词语搭配，避免组合与习惯不符。
(4)When there are synonyms, choose the word that expresses the meaning most exactly and that suits the content and style.
(4)当用同义词时，选择的单词要表达含义最贴切，与内容和风格相匹配。
We have given examples of common, formal and nonstandard words. Here are examples of general and specific words:
常用词，正式词和不规范词的实例已经给出，如下是概括词和具体词的实例。
General Specific
animal tiger, horse, fox, cat, mouse, bird, butterfly, insect laugh chuckle, guffaw, giggle, roar, smile, grin, beam big huge, great, large, vast, immense, enormous, tremendous scientist physicist, chemist, biologist, astronomer, geologist,
mathematician
Words are general or specific by comparison. Animal is general when compared with tiger, horse, etc, but horse is more general than steed, stallion, etc.
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词汇通过对比有了概括或特指的概念。动物和老虎、马等相比是概括词，而马比战马、种马等更笼统。
Both general and specific words are useful in writing. When we describe or explain things, or when we give details, we should try to use specific or concrete words wherever possible, for they are vivid, exact and interesting; when we summarize or generalize, we may find general or abstract words useful.
在写作中概括和特指词都有用。当我们形容或讲解事情、描述细节时，应该尽可能试着用特指或具体词，因为它们生动、确切、有趣；当我们总结或归纳时，会发现概括或抽象词大有帮助。
When we are trying to enlarge our vocabulary and learn to use effective words, we need to pay special attention to concrete and specific words. We usually think of general words first when we write, but we should remember that there are many specific words which are similar in meaning but are more colorful and impressive. They are the words we should make an effort to learn and use.
当我们试图扩大词汇量并学会实际应用单词，需要特别关注具体和特指词。写作时，通常首先想到概括词，但应记住许多特指词含义相近却更加生动感人，是我们该努力学习和运用的词汇。
Idiomatic expressions are those habitually used by native
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speakers. Foreign learners of English often have difficulty in telling what is not idiomatic from what is, because they have not been brought up in the language, and also because they are likely to use English words in the way they use words of their mother tongue. Word-for-word translation from Chinese into English generally results in unidiomatic expressions. That is something we should be on guard against.
习惯表达是那些以英语为母语人士的习惯性用法。外国英语学习者经常在表达方面遇到困难，从什么符合到什么不符合语言习惯，因为他们不曾在这种语言中成长，也因为他们对自己母语词汇的用法可能阻碍其对英语词汇的运用。逐字汉译英通常会导致不合习惯的表达，这是我们应该警惕的。
Take for instance the Chinese expression meiyou guilv. If literally translated, the English equivalent might be “to have no law” But this phrase would be very unidiomatic if it is used to describe a person’s daily life or habits, though the above Chinese expression can be used. Instead, the word regular is much better:“ he does not live a regular life;” or “he is not a man of regular habits.”
以中文表达没有规律为例。如果照字面意思翻译，相应的英文或许为“to have no law”。但如果这个短语被用来形容一个人的日常生活或习惯，可能很不地道，尽管上述表达在汉语中是
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