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used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.
4. phoneticsPhonetics is of a general nature；it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages; how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they possess, how they can be classified.
5. supersegmental featuresThe phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmentalfeatures.
IV. Short-answer Questions
1. Compare and contrast phonetics and phonology.
2. What is a phone? How is it different from a phoneme? How are allophones related to a phoneme?
3. Under what conditions will two sounds be assigned to the same phoneme? 4. What criteria are used to classify the English vowels?
5. Explain with examples the sequential rule, the assimilation rule and the deletion rule.
6. What are suprasegmental features? How do the major suprasegmental features of English function in conveying meaning?
7. What are the possible interpretations of the sentence “I can’t eat anything” if different intonations are applied?
第三次 Quiz
I. True or False (50%)
1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.(T) 2. Linguistics studies particular language, not language in general.(F) 3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguists think. (F) 4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts. (T)
5. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication.(T)
6. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful sentences. ( F )
7. English is a typical tone language.(F)
8. The basic principle of IPA is using a different letter for each distinguishable speech sound. (T)
9. Both phonology and phonetics are studies of speech sound.(T)
10. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar. (T)
11. The writing system of a language is always a later invention used to record speech; thus there are still many languages in today’s world that can only be spoken, but not writing. (T) 12. The open-class words include prepositions. (F)
13. In classifying the English consonants and vowels, the same criteria can be applied. (F)
14. By synchrony we mean to study language change and development. (F) 15. Parole refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. (F)
16. Only words of the same parts of speech can be combined to form compounds.（F） 17. Animal call systems are not genetically transmitted. (F)
18. The English spelling exactly represents its pronunciation. (F) 19. The number of closed class words is stable forever. (F)
20. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar. (T)
21. The part of speech of the compound is always determined by the part of speech of the second element, without exception. (F)
22. A productive morphological rule can be applied to all words. (F)
23. Sometimes derivation can apply more than once and it is possible to create multiple levels of word structure. (T) 24. Both inflectional morphemes and derivational morphemes are bound morphemes. (T)
25. The meaning of a compound can be derived from the meanings of its constituent morphemes. (F)
II. Multiple Choice Items (50%)
1. Language users can send messages which no one else has ever sent before, which results from ________of language. ( B ) A. displacement
C. arbitrariness D. universality as ________.(A ) A. liquids
C. stops D. fricatives
B. affricates B. productivity
2. In terms of manner of articulation, the English consonants [1] and [r] are classified
3. The morpheme “-al” in the common word “literal” is a(n) _______.( B ) A. root B. derivational affix C. inflectional affix D. free morpheme
4. Often referred to as a design feature of language, ________ enables speakers to
produce and understand an infinite number of sentences that they have neither spoken nor heard before.
( B )
A.duality B.productivity C.displacement D.arbitrariness
5. ________ phoneticians study speech sounds from the speaker’s point of view.They study the process of how a speaker uses his/her speech organs to produce sounds.(A ) A.Articulatory B.Auditory C.Acoustic D.General
6. Morphemes such as -er, -en, in-are all called ________.(C ) A.free morphemes B.inflectional morphemes C.affixes D.roots
7. There is a difference between what we know, which is our linguistic competence, and how we use this knowledge in actual speech production and______, which is our linguistic performance. ( B ) A. creation B. communication C. comprehension D. perception
8.The sounds that begin and end the words church and judge are voiceless and voiced ______,respectively. ( A ) A. affricates B. stops C. velars D. palatals
9.Morphemes which represent such grammatical categories as number, tense, gender, and case are called _______ morphemes. ( D ) A. free B. bound C. derivational D. inflectional
10. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be _______. ( C )
A. prescriptive B. analytic C. descriptive D. linguistics
11. Modern linguistics regards the written language as ______. ( C ) A. primary B. correct C. secondary D. stable
12. A historical study of language is a ______ study of language.( B ) A. synchronic B. diachronic C. prescriptive D. comparative
13. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between ________ and meaning. ( B )
A. sense B. sounds C. objects D. ideas
14. The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in ______. ( B ) A. the place of articulation B. the obstruction of airstream C. the position of the tongue C. the shape of the lips
15. What phonetic feature distinguishes the “p” in “please” and the “p” in “speak”? ( B )
A. voicing B. aspiration C. roundness D. nasality
16. The famous quotation from Shakespeare’s play “Romeo and Juliet” “A rose by any other name would smell as sweet” well illustrates_______.(A )
A. the arbitrary nature of language B. the creative nature of language C. the universality of language
D. the big difference between human language and animal communication
17. Of the following sound combination, only ______ is permissible according to the sequential rules of phonology in English. ( A ) A. bilk B. bkil C. ilkb D. ilbk
18. What the element “-es” indicates is third person singular, present tense, the element “-ed” past tense, and “-ing” progressive aspect. Since they are the smallest unit of language and meaningful, they are also_______.(B )
A. phonemes B. morphemes C. allophones D. phones
19. The study of language as a whole is often called _______ linguistics. ( B ) A. particular B. general C. ordinary D. generative 20. The word “boyish” contains two _______.(A )
A. morphemes B. morphs C. phonemes D. allophones
21. As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for “correct” linguistics behavior, it is said to be______.(C )
A. prescriptive B. sociolinguistic C. descriptive D. psycholinguistics 22. Of all the speech organs, the ______ is/are the most flexible. ( C ) A. mouth B. lips C. tongue D. vocal cords
23. The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a(n)______. ( D )
A. bound morpheme B. bound form C. inflectional morpheme D. free morpheme
24. In terms of the place of articulation, the following sounds [t] [d] [s] [z] [n] share the feature of ________.(B )
A. palatal B. alveolar C. bilabial D. dental
25. According to Chomsky, _______ is the ideal user’s internalized knowledge of his language. ( A )
A. competence B. parole C. performance D. langue
Answer sheet
I.
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