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倒装结构
英语中句子的语序，一般有两种排列方式：一是自然语序（Natural Order),即主语在谓语之前，句子的其它成分置之其后；二是倒装语序(Inverted Order)，即在一定条件下，为了达到某些语法或修辞上的效果，改变句子的自然语序，将主语置于句子的谓语或其它成分之后。倒装句又可以分为全部倒装（Complete Inversion）和部分倒装（Partial Inversion）。
一、全部倒装
全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和 一般过去时。常见的结构有：
1) here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run, follow。 There goes the bell.
Here is your letter. Here comes the bus . Now comes my turn . Then came the chairman.
Then followed three days of rain .
2) 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语(out , in , up , down, away, over, off等)置于句首，使描述情景更加生动。谓语表示运动的动词（go , come, rush, fly fall 等）。 Out rushed a missile from under the bomber（轰炸机）. Ahead sat an old woman.
In came the teacher and the lesson began . Down the river flowed a small boat .
Hearing the cat mewing(咪咪叫) ， off fled the mice .
注意：1、上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。如：Here he comes. Away they went.
2、 此类倒装句中不用进行时态,如不说:Here is coming your uncle.
3) there be 句型及其变化形式。如：There lie/stand/appear/seem/remain/exist…) There is a man at the door who wants to see you . There once lived a king .
4) 直接引语前置，名词作引述句主语时，可用倒装语序。主语是代词时不倒装。 “I’m quite satisfied with your answer,” said the teacher. “I wouldn’t leave her out in the cold”, he said .
5) 表语或状语短语位于句首表示强调意义时，全部倒装。 In the distance was a small boat . Such were his last words .
Such was Albert Einstein , a simple man of great achievements. They arrived at a farm house ,in front of which sat a small boy .
Nearby were two canoes(独木舟) in which they had come to the island . Among them was a soldier who was wounded in the stomach .
6) There be 句型及其变化中， 如：There lie/stand/live/appear/seem/remain/exist…完全倒装。
Long, long ago there lived a king.
There once lived an old man in the house .
There is a man at the door who wants to see you .
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There seems to be some misunderstanding about the matter . There stands a tall tree near the river . 二、部分倒装
部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。
1) 句首为否定或半否定的词语，如no, not, never, seldom, few, little, hardly, rarely, at no time, in no way, not until?by no means, in no time, in no case , on no account , under no circumstance 等。
Never have I seen such a performance.
Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.
Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room. By no means shall we save him .
当Not until引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。 注意： 如否定词不在句首不倒装。 I have never seen such a performance.
The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep. 典型例题
1) Why can't I smoke here?
At no time___ in the meeting-room
A. is smoking permitted B. smoking is permitted C. smoking is it permitted D. does smoking permit
答案A. 这是一个倒装问题。当否定词语置于句首以表示强调时，其句中的主谓须用倒装结构。 这些否定词包括no, little, hardly, seldom, never, not only, not until等。本题的正常语序是 Smoking is permitted in the meeting-room at no time.
2）Not until the early years of the 19th century ___ what heat is.
A. man did know B. man know C. didn't man know D. did man know
答案D. 看到Not until?的句型，我们知道为一倒装句，答案在C，D 中选一个。改写为正常语序为，Man did not know what heat is until the early years of the 19th. 现在将not提前，后面就不能再用否定了,否则意思就变了。
3）Not until the early years of the 19th century___ what heat is
A. man did know B. man knew C. didn't man know D. did man know 答案为D. 否定词Not在句首，要求用部分倒装的句子结构。 4）Not until I began to work ___ how much time I had wasted.
A. didn't I realize B. did I realize C. I didn't realize D. I realize 答案为B。
2) 以否定意义的连词置于句首，作部分倒装，如：not only…but also, neither…nor…,no sooner ..than …,scarcely…when …,hardly…when…等
Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender. Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her. No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her. 典型例题
No sooner___ than it began to rain heavily.
A. the game began B. has the game begun C. did the game begin D. had the game begun
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答案D. 以具有否定意义的副词放在句首时，一般采用倒装句(谓语前置)。这类表示否定意义的词有never, seldom, scarcely, little, few, not, hardly, 以及not only?but (also), no sooner?than, hardly? when scarcely? when 等等。
注意：只有当Not only? but also连接两个分句时，才在第一个分句用倒装结构。如果置于句首的Not only? but also仅连接两个并列词语，不可用倒装结构。 Not only you but also I am fond of music. 3) so, neither, nor作部分倒装
表示\也\、\也不\的句子要部分倒装。表示后面所说的情况与前面的情况相同。 Tom can speak French. So can Jack. If you won't go, neither will I. 典型例题
1) Do you know Jim quarreled with his brother? I don't know, _____.
A. nor don't I care B. nor do I care C. I don't care neither D. I don't care also
答案：B. nor为增补意思\也不关心\，因此句子应倒装。A错在用 don't 再次否定， C neither 用法不对且缺乏连词。 D缺乏连词。
2) Do you know Tom bought a new car? I don't know, ___.
A. nor don't I care B. nor do I care C. I don't care neither D. I don't care also
解析：答案为B. 句中的nor引出部分倒装结构，表示\也不\。由 so, neither, nor引导的倒装句，表示前一情况的重复出现。其中, so用于肯定句, 而 neither, nor 用在否定句中。 注意：当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时，不可用倒装结构。意为\的确如此\。
Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did. ---It's raining hard. ---So it is. 4) only+状语，在句首要倒装的情况 Only in this way, can you learn English well.
Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.
Only when you have finished your homework can you watch TV at night . Only then did I realize that I was wrong .
如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装 Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed.
5) so/such? that 句型中的so/such 位于句首时，需倒装。 So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch. So excited was he that he couldn’t say a word .
Such was his strength that he carried all the big boxes onto the third floor. 6) 省略if 的虚拟条件句.
在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were, had, should等词，可将if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主语之前，采取部分倒装。
Had he worked harder, he would have got through the exams .
Were they to arrive before we depart tomorrow, we should have a wonderful party . Should it rain tomorrow, the match would be put off . 7) 在某些表示祝愿的感叹句中，要倒装。
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May our country become rich and strong !
Long live the People’s Republic of China !(live动词原形属虚拟语气) May you have a good time ! (may+动词原形属虚拟语气)
三、as, though 引导的倒装句
as / though引导的让步从句可以省略as / though，将表语或状语提前（形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词提前），形成倒装结构。
Rich as he is, he never spends a cent on learning .
Heavily as it rained, the football game has been decided not to be put off. Try as he does, he never seems able to do the work beautifully. 注意：
1) 句首名词不能带任何冠词。 Boy as he is, he is very clever. Child as he is , he knows a lot .
2) 句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语, 随实义动词一起放在主语之前。
Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily. 注意:
3) 让步状语从句中，有though，although时，后面的主句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用。
考题诠释：
Seldom my boss in such good mood since I came to work in this company. (2004年6月B级真题)
A. I saw B. I have seen C. have I seen D. do I see
[答案] C 句首为否定词或带有否定意义的词语时，句子常用部分倒装
Not until I began to work how much time I had wasted. (2000年6月B级真题) A. have I realized B. I have realized C. did I realized D. I realized [答案] C句首为否定词或带有否定意义的词语时，句子常用部分倒装 last Friday, he would have got to Paris. (2003年6月A级真题)
A. Would he leave B. Had he left C. If he is to leave D. If he was leaving [答案] B 在if 引导的虚拟条件句中，如果有were、should或had，可以把if省略，把were、should或had 放在句首形成倒装。
Since Dick was busy, he rarely had time to go to the cinema; . (2001年12月A级真题) A. Jane did too B. Jane didn’t as well C. so did Jane D. nor did Jane
[答案] D 当副词neither 或 nor 表示“也不”或副词so 表示“也如此”置于句首时，句子需要倒装。但如果so 表示对别人所说的情况加以肯定时，不用倒装。
So loudly that the audience in the back heard him clearly. (2005年1月B级真题) A. does he speak B. did he speak C. he speaks D. he spoke
[答案] B 当so (such) … that 结构中的so (such) 置于句首时，句子需要部分倒装，但如果谓语动词为be 的一般现在时或一般过去时，句子要完全倒装。
独立主格结
独立主格结构（Absolute Construction）是一个独立主格的名词或代词（作为逻辑主格），
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