发布时间 : 星期三 文章新世纪大学英语第三册快速阅读 课文翻译更新完毕开始阅读
are becoming increasingly
common questions I ask myself. You'll hear some people speaking aloud to themselves. I recall an elderly theology
professor who never stopped talking to himself about major philosophical problems — which made it particularly interesting
watching him trying to eat his soup, though it was advisable not to get too close.
Actually, communication and medical professionals have researched the psychophysiological components of self-talk to
conclude that what people say to themselves does affect their ability to combat and ward off illnesses.
Self-talk, a part of intrapersonal communication, is a health behavior that has potentially far-reaching effects. Although it
will most likely be used by those who have a high internal locus of control and place a high value on health, it can also help
relatively healthy people in health \programs. Self-talk is categorized as being positive or negative. As its label
implies, positive self-talk has good implications for people's mental and physical well-being. However, the negative is not all
bad. The key to using self-talk is to strive for an appropriate balance between the two.
The use of positive self-talk has been linked to the reduction of stress. Less stress, in turn, can effect other positive
health changes. Self-talk, like thoughts, is not neutral because it triggers behavior in either a positive or negative direction.
Both thoughts and self-talk are based on beliefs which are formed early in life. Beliefs shape our self-talk, which in turn affects our self-esteem.
However, negative thinking as the \people's sensitivity to the
situation they are facing. They are likely to think more clearly. Ruth Dailey Grainger in Therapy Research Institute in Miami,
Florida says, \thinking to adopt when risk is high.\
Instead of categorizing negative self-talk as \might be better to call it \accurate\
Braiker emphasizes in Psychology Today (1989) the %use of self-talk. She warns against confusing positive
inner dialogue with positive thinking, happy affirmations, or self-delusions. Logical, accurate self-talk recognizes personal
shortcomings, but also modifies them to help people define a plan of correction.
Knowing that thought patterns generated by self-talk affect health states, people can begin to control the power in their
minds by taking an active role in deciding what to think, enhancing the positive messages they send themselves.
2。自我交谈
我们在我们从事的每一通信的核心。即使我们不从事人际关系 通信，我们可能从事自我传播，即传播自己的内心。
有人内传播一些相当明显，可见的形式，比如当我们检查了我们的 一个购物清单购买，或把便条提醒自己的约会。我们也确实跟 我们自己；在我的年龄，“我要做下一个了吗？“甚至”他妈的我在这里做什么？“越来越 常见的问题，我问我自己。你会听到有人大声对自己说。我想起一位老人的神学 教授不停地谈论自己的主要哲学问题，这使得它特别有趣 看他想喝汤，虽然这是最好不要靠得太近。
实际上，通信和医疗专业人员研究了自我谈话的心理生理组件
得出这样的结论：人们对自己说不影响他们的应对和抵御疾病的能力。 自我交谈，对自我交流的一部分，是具有潜在的深远影响健康行为。虽然它 将最有可能被那些控制和对健康的高价值高的内部位点的使用，它也可以帮助 在健康的“保养”程序相对健康的人。自我交谈是归类为正或负。作为其标签
暗示，积极的自我谈话对人的精神和身体健康良好的启示。然而，并不是所有的负面 坏。用自我交谈的关键是争取两人之间的适当平衡。
积极的自我对话的使用已被链接到应力减少。反过来，减少压力，可以影响其他积极的 健康的变化。自我交谈，喜欢思考，不是因为它会引发一个正的或负的方向行为中性。 思想和自我交谈是基于信仰，在生命的早期形成。信念塑造了我们的自我对话，这反过来又影响
我们的自尊。
然而，消极的想法为“思维的选择”可能不是那么糟糕，因为它增加了人们的敏感性为 他们面临的形势。他们可能会更清晰地思考。鲁思戴丽格兰杰在迈阿密治疗研究所， 佛罗里达州说，“负面思考，然后，是最有效的，最有用的，和最健康的思考时所采取的风险 高。”
而不是把消极的自我对话为“负面”，它可能会更好地称它为“逻辑和精确的“自我对话。哈丽特B.
布莉克强调今日心理学（1989）的“负责任的”使用的自我对话。她警告不要混淆阳性 内在的对话，用积极的思想，快乐的肯定，或自我妄想。逻辑，准确识别个人的自我对话 的缺点，但也改变了它们帮助人们制定计划的修正。
思维模式所产生的自我谈话影响健康状态，人们可以开始控制自己的力量 思想以积极的作用在决定想什么，增强积极的消息发送自己。 3.Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Self-actualizaion needs Esteem needs Social needs Safety needs Physiological/ survival needs
One humanist psychologist who is constantly referred to in the study of communication is Abraham Maslow, who
developed the “hierarchy of needs” shown in the graphic. Maslow emphasized the human need
for self-actualization, the
realization of one's full potential as a human being. According to Maslow, before one can set about self-actualization, a person
has first to solve the problems associated with the four lower-level needs of the hierarchy:
Physiological / survival
needs: you must satisfy your physical wants before you can take the next step up the motivational hierarchy;
Safety needs:once you have satisfied your basic biological needs, you can get on with exploring your environment. It is well known, however, that a child will not begin to explore unless it feels secure. But the drive for safety is in itself a motivator for exploration — when you know “what's out there” in the world, your uncertainty is reduced, the world is more predictable and “safe”;
Social needs: these are “belongingness” needs. Maslow claims that we have an innate need to affiliate with others in search of affection and love. Through empathizing (移情) with others we learn also to see the world from different points of view;
Esteem needs: the groups we affiliate with help us to set our life's goals. They can provide us with feedback on how well we are doing in pursuit of those goals. The closer we get, the more esteem we are likely to receive from others and feel for ourselves; Self-actualization
needs: when we have acquired sufficient self-esteem we are confident enough to go on to realize our full potential, expressing ourselves in our own unique way.
Maslow’s hierarchy has the benefit of attempting a holistic account of human motivation, considering a range of influences
on human behavior. However, Maslow's hierarchy has been criticized for being based on his study of successful individuals
in Western society. To what extent it might apply to non-Western societies or to non-middle or upper-class individuals is not
clear. Nor is it clear why there should be five stages rather than six or eight and it is certainly not clear why he believes that
we must progress through the stages — one could think of artists, for example, who have shown scant regard for their
survival needs, or even esteem needs, appearing to jump straight to working on their self-actualization. To separate out
each of these needs in the way that Maslow does seems highly artificial.
Nevertheless, there is some empirical evidence from Maslow’s experiments with monkeys which tends to support Maslow’s ideas.
Whatever criticisms may be made to Maslow, the notion that something like these needs seems to motivate people has
been taken on by marketers.
3.马斯洛的需求层次 自我实现的需要 尊重的需要 社会需求 安全需要 生理/ 生存需要
一个以人为本的心理学家谁是不断提到在通信研究马斯洛，谁 公司开发的“层次需求”，在图形显示。马斯洛强调人类需要自我实现的
实现人的全部潜能作为一个人的。根据马斯洛，才可以着手自我实现，一个人 具有第一解决与层级的低4级的需求相关联的问题： 生理/生存
需求：必须满足你的身体要，然后才能采取下一步行动了 激励层次;
安全需求：一旦你满足你的基本生理需求，你可以得到与探索 您的环境。大家都知道但是，一个孩子会不会开始探索
除非它感到安全。但驱动器的安全，这本身就是一种动力的探索 - 当你知道“什么时候会再有”的世界，你的不确定性减少，世界 更可预测的和“安全”;
社会需求：这些都是“归属感”的需求。马斯洛宣称，我们有一种与生俱来的需要 子公司与他人寻找亲情和爱情的。通过移情（移情）与 别人我们学会也能看到从不同的世界观;
尊重的需要：组，我们的会员提供帮助我们建立我们的生活的目标。他们可以为我们提供 对我们做得如何在追求这些目标的反馈。我们得到的越近， 更多的尊重，我们很可能会接受别人的感受为自己; 自我实现
需求：当我们已经获得了足够的自尊，我们有足够的信心去上 实现我们的全部潜力，表达自己，在我们自己独特的方式。
马斯洛的层次有企图的整体考虑人类动机的利益，考虑一系列的影响 对人的行为。然而，马斯洛的层次一直被批评为是基于成功的个人书斋
在西方社会。到什么程度，可能适用于非西方社会或非中间或上层阶级的人是不是
清晰。也不清楚为什么应该有五个阶段，而不是六个或八个，这肯定是不明确的，为什么他认为，
我们必须经历的阶段进展 - 人们可以想到的艺术家，例如，谁表现出漠视他们的 生存的需要，甚至是尊重的需要，出现直接跳转到工作对他们的自我实现。分离出 每个在马斯洛的方式做这些需求似乎高度人工化。
然而，有一个从马斯洛实验一些经验证据与猴子趋向于支持 马斯洛的想法。
无论批评，可向马斯洛，即像这些需求似乎激励人具有的概念 采取了由营销。 U4
1.Fighting Fears and Phobias
If you are walking along a dark alley late at night and a tall man wearing a balaclava（羊毛头罩）