发布时间 : 星期三 文章英语语言学教程答案更新完毕开始阅读
in each case speculate as to how the particular word came to be borrowed from a particular language.a. size b. skillc. royal d. ranche. robot f. potato
g. astronauth. emeraldi. pagoda j. khakik. bulldoze1. hoodlum 答：a. size ( old french) b. skill ( old norse)
c. royal ( old french latin) d. ranch ( spanish french)
e. robot ( czech old church slavonic) f. potato ( spanish taino) g. astronaut ( french)
h. emerald ( middle english old french) i. pagoda ( persian sanskrit) j. khaki ( hindi persian)
k. bulldoze ( bull(botany bay slang) old english) l. hoodlum ( german)
2. the encyclopedia britannica yearbook has usually
published a new word list, which is, in the britannica’s editors view, a list of those words that had entered the language during the year. would you expect a yearbook to publish a “lost-word list” recording the words dropped from the language during the year? defend your answer. 答：(略)
3. below is a passage from shakespeares hamlet, king: where is pelonius?
hamlet: in heaven, send thither to see.
if your messenger find him not there, seek him i the other place yourself. but indeed, if you find him not
within this month, you shall nose him as you go up the stairs into the lobby. act iv, scene iii
study these lines and identify every difference in expression between elizabethan and modern english that is evident.
答：in modern english, these lines are more likely written as: king: where is pelonius?
hamlet: in heaven, send to see there. if your messenger
cannot find him there, yourself seek him at the other place. but indeed, if you cannot find him within this month, you shall notice him as you go up the stairs into the lobby.
4. comment with examples on the following statement “words and expressions will be forced into
use in spite of all the exertions of all the writers in the world.” 答： the statement means that when necessary, people will make use of available uses even if there is no writers efforts. for example, there are more and more new words and
expressions which are introduced into language not by writers, e.g., email, hacker, ibm (international big mouth, means a person who acts like a gossip.)
5. suppose you are outside a government office where doors still bear the notice, “this door must not be left in an open position.” now try to explain the notice in simple and plain english. 答： “keep the door dote. ” or “the door must be kept close.”
6. give at least two examples showing the influence of american english on british english. 答：(略)
7. find in any books, newspapers, or journals newly coined words in association with social and political needs, internet or computer language.
答： for example: sars, golden week, euro, e-mail, bi-media(双媒体的), cybernaut计算机(网络)漫游者, dvd, eyephone(视像耳机), etc．
8. with examples, give some plausible explanations for linguistic change. 答：(略)
【篇三：《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版 课后习题
答案 chapter 8】
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1. how is language related to society?
答： there are many indications of the inter-relationship between language and society. one of them is that while language is principally used to communicate meaning, it is also used to establish and maintain social relationships. this social function of language is embodied in the use of such utterances as “good morning!”, “hi!”, “hows your family?”, “nice day today, isnt it?”. another indication is that users of the same language in a sense all speak differently. the kind of
language each of them chooses to use is in part determined by his social background. and language, in its turn, reveals information about its speaker. when we speak, we cannot avoid giving clues to our listeners about ourselves.
then to some extent, language, especially the structure of its lexicon, reflects both the physical and the social environments of a society. for example while there is only one word in english for “snow”, there are several in eskimo. this is a reflection of the need for the eskimos to make distinctions between various kinds of snow in their snowy living environment.
as a social phenomenon language is closely related to the structure of the society in which it is used, and the evaluation of a linguistic form is entirely social. to a linguist, all language forms and accents are equally good as far as they can fulfill the communicative functions they are expected to fulfill.
therefore, judgments concerning the correctness and purity of linguistic varieties are social rather than linguistic. a case in point is the use of the postvocalic [r]. while in english accents without postvocalic [r] are considered to be more correct than accents with it, in new york city, accents with postvocalic [r] enjoys more prestige and are considered more correct than without it.
2. explain with an example that the evaluation of language is social rather than linguistic.
答：the evaluation of language is social rather than linguistic. this is because every language or language variety can
express all ideas that its native speakers want to express. that is to say, language and language variety are equal in
expressing meaning. for example, the much-prejudiced black english can be used by the black people to communicate with each other without feeling any hindrance. but many other
people think black english is not pure english because it does not conform to their grammar and not adopted by educated people. as a result, many people feel shameful to use black english. from this example we can know that the evaluation of language is social, not linguistic.
3. what are the main social dialects discussed in this chapter? how do they jointly determine idiolect?
答： the main social dialects discussed in this chapter are regional dialect, sociolect, gender and age. idiolect is a personal dialect, of an individual speaker that combines
elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations. these factors jointly determine the way he/she talks. while the language system provides all its users with the same set of potentials, the realization of these potentials is individualized by a number of social factors, resulting in idiolects.
4. in what sense is the standard dialect a special variety of language?
答： first of all, the standard dialect is based on a selected variety of the language, usually it is the local speech of an area which is considered the nations political and commercial center. for
example, standard english developed out of the english
dialects used in and around london as they were modified over the centuries by speakers in the court, by scholars from universities and writers. gradually the english used by the upper classes in the capital city diverged markedly from the english used by other social groups and came to be regarded as the model for all those who wished to speak and write well. second, the standard dialect is not dialect a child acquires naturally like his regional dialect. it is a superimposed variety; it is a variety imposed from above over the range of regional dialects. some government agency writes grammar books and dictionaries to ?fix? this variety and everyone agrees on what is correct usage of the language. so it has a widely accepted codified grammar and vocabulary. once codification takes place, it is necessary for an ambitious citizen to learn to use the correct language and to avoid ?incorrect? language. therefore, the standard dialect is the variety which is taught and learnt in schools.
then the standard dialect has some special functions. also
designated as the official or national language of a country, the standard dialect is used for such official purposes as
government documents, education, news reporting; it is the language used on any formal occasions.
5. what is register as used by halliday? illustrate it with an example of your own.