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MODULE 1
Concepts and terminology for describing language
描述语言的术语及概念
GRAMMAR 语法
Active voice 主动语态 passive voice. 被动语态 Adjective 形容词
comparative adjective 形容词比较级 demonstrative adjective 指代形容词
possessive adjective 所有格形容词 （代词所有格） A superlative adjective 形容词最高级 Adverb 副词
Auxiliary verb: 助动词 Article 冠词
An article can be definite (the), indefinite (a) or zero (-), e.g. I was at (-) home in the sitting room when I heard a noise. Aspect
A way of looking at verb forms not purely in relation to time. The perfect, continuous and simple are aspects. The continuous aspect, for example, suggests that something is happening temporarily. Base form of the verb: 动词基本形式 Clause 从句
A clause consists of a verb and (generally) a subject. A clause can be a full sentence or a part of a sentence. Main clause 主句
When the teacher arrived, the students stopped talking. Subordinate clause 从句
When the teacher arrived, the students stopped talking. Relative clause 定语从句
The students who were sitting near the front stood up.
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? UCLES Cambridge ESOL 2005 2
Collective noun: 集合名词 Compound noun: 复合名词 Conditional 条件句
First conditional, 第一条件句 Second conditional, 第二条件句 Third conditional . 第三条件句 Conjunction 连词
A conjunction (or connector) is used to connect words, phrases, clauses or sentences, e.g. I like tea but I don’t like coffee because it’s too strong for me. Connector: 连词
Countable noun: 可数名词
Demonstrative adjective: 指示形容词. Demonstrative pronoun: 指示代词. Dependent preposition: 非独立介词 Determiner 限定词
A determiner is used to make clear which noun is referred to, or to give information about quantity, and includes words such as the, a, this, that, my, some, e.g. That car is mine.
Direct speech 直接引语
The actual words someone says, e.g. He said, ‘My name is Ron.’ First conditional: see conditional forms. Gerund, -ing form 动名词形式
A noun which is made from the present participle form of a verb, e.g. I hate shopping. Grammatical structure 语法结构
The arrangement of words into meaningful sentences. A grammatical structure is also a grammatical language item, e.g. present perfect simple. Imperative 祈使句
The form of a verb that gives an order or instruction, e.g. Turn to page 10. Indirect question
The words someone uses when they are telling someone what somebody else asked, e.g. Peter asked Sue what she meant.
An indirect question can also be used when someone wants to ask something in a more polite way, e.g. ‘I was wondering if you could help me’ (indirect question) instead of ‘Could you help me?’ (direct question).
See direct question.
Indirect speech: see reported statement. 间接引语 Infinitive: see verb. 不定式
Infinitive of purpose 表示目的的不定式
This is used to express why something is done, e.g. I went to the lesson to learn English. -ing/-ed adjective: see adjective. 形容词加ing或ed形式 Intensifier 加强语气的词汇
A word used to make the meaning of another word stronger, e.g. He’s much taller than his brother; I’m very tired.
Interrogative 疑问句
A question form.
Irregular verb: see verb. 不规则动词 Main clause: see clause.主句 Modal verb: see verb. 情态动词 Noun 名词
A person, place or thing, e.g. elephant, girl, grass, school.
A collective noun is a noun which includes a group of people or things, e.g. the police, the government. 集合名词
A compound noun is a combination of two or more words which are used as a single word, e.g. a flower 复合名词 shop, a headache.
A countable noun has a singular and plural form, e.g. book", books. 可数名词 An uncountable noun does not have a plural form, e.g. information. 不可数名词 A proper noun is the name of a person or place, e.g. Robert, London.专有名词 A singular noun is one person, place or thing.单数名词
A plural noun is more than one person, place or thing and can be regular or irregular, e.g. boys, women. 复数名词 Object 宾语
This is a noun or phrase that describes the thing or person that is affected by the action of a verb, e.g. I saw Mary in the classroom. See subject.
Participle (past and present) 现在分词及过去分词
The form of the verb that is used to make tenses or adjectives, e.g. an interesting film (present participle); I haven’t seen him today. (past participle) Passive voice 被动语态
In a passive sentence, something is done to or happens to the subject of the verb, e.g. The tree was hit by the car. See active voice.
Past perfect simple and continuous, progressive: see tense. 过去完成时及进行时 Past simple and past continuous, progressive: see tense. 一般过去时及进行式 Personal pronoun: see pronoun. 人称代词 Phrase 短语
Possessive ‘s’ and whose 所有格‘s
Ways of showing or asking who something belongs to, e.g. ‘Whose book is it?’ ‘It’s Sue’s’. Preposition 介词
A word used before a noun, noun phrase or pronoun to connect it to another word, e.g. He was in the garden.
A dependent preposition is a word that is always used with a particular noun, verb or adjective, e.g. interested in, depend on, bored with.
Present continuous, progressive for future: see tense. 现在进行时
Present perfect simple and continuous, progressive: see tense. 现在完成时及进行时 Present simple and continuous, progressive: see tense. 一般现在时及进行时 Pronoun 代词
A word that replaces or refers to a noun or noun phrase just mentioned. Demonstrative pronoun, e.g. this, that. 指示代词 Object pronoun, e.g. him. 代词宾格
Personal pronoun, e.g. I (subject pronoun), me (object pronoun) 人称代词 Possessive pronoun, e.g. mine 名词性代词 Reflexive pronoun, e.g. myself 反身代词 Relative pronoun, e.g. which 关系代词 Proper noun: see noun. Punctuation 标点符号
The symbols or marks used to organise writing into clauses, phrases and sentences to make the meaning clear, e.g. full stop, capital letter, apostrophe and comma. Quantifier 量词
A word or phrase such as ‘much’, ‘few’ or ‘a lot of’ which is used with a noun to show an amount, e.g. I don’t have much time; I have a lot of books. Question tag 问号
A phrase such as ‘isn’t it?’ or ‘doesn’t he?’ that is added to the end of a sentence to make it a question, or to check that someone agrees with the statement, e.g. It’s very cold, isn’t it? Reflexive pronoun: see pronoun. Regular verb: see verb. 规则动词 Relative clause: see clause. 定语从句 Relative pronoun: see pronoun. 关系代词 Reported statement 间接引语
When someone’s words are reported by another person, e.g. She said she was sorry. See indirect question.
Reporting verb 间接引语中使用的动词
A verb such as ‘tell’, ‘advise’, ‘suggest’ used in indirect speech to report what someone has said, e.g. Jane advised John to study harder.
Second conditional: see conditional forms. Singular noun: see noun. Subject 主语
This is the noun or phrase that goes before the verb in a sentence to show who is doing the action, e.g. John plays tennis every Saturday. See object.
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? UCLES Cambridge ESOL 2005 5
Subject-verb agreement 主谓一致
When the form of the verb matches the person doing the action of the verb, e.g. I walk, he walks. If a