发布时间 : 星期五 文章语言学更新完毕开始阅读
语言学 名词解释：
一．Meaning :
1.The referential theory : the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to or stands for .
2.Conceptualism : There is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to . In the interpretation of meaning , they are linked through the mediation of concept in the mind .
3.Contextualism : Meaning should be studied in terms of situation , use , context --- elements closely linked with language behavior .
4.Behaviorism : The meaning of a linguistic form should be viewed as “the situation in which the speaker ulters it and the response which it calls forth in the hearer ”. 5.Meanings of meaning : (1) Conceptual meaning : is the meaning given in the dictionary and it forms the core of the word meaning . The same word has the same conceptual meaning to all the speakers of the same language .
(2) Connotative meaning : it refers to overtones which a words suggests or implies .
(3) Social meaning ( stylistic meaning ) : It’s the level of meaning that we rely on , when we identify certain social characteristics of speakers and situations from the words used the communication .
(4) Affective meaning (情感意义): It’s the level of meaning that conveys the language users feelings , attitudes , and points about a particular piece of information or about the on going context .
(5) Reflected meaning : It’s the level of meaning which conveys the unfavorable association or reflection .
(6) Collocative meaning (搭配意义)：It consists of the associations a word acquires in collocation or the part of the word meanings suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion .
(7) Thematic meaning (主位意义) ：It’s determined by the order of the words in the sentence and the different prominence they each receive .
二．Antonymy (反义)
1.Gradable antonymy : They are often intermediate forms between the two members of such a pair .
2.Complementary antonymy : The denial of one member of the pair implies the assertion of the other .
3.Converse antonymy : This is the special type of antonymy in that the members of a pair do not constitute a positive -negative opposition . They show the reversal of a relationship between 2 entities .
三．Superordinate (上义词)
A superordinate usually has several hyponyms (下义词). Under flower , there are peony , jasmine , tulip , violet and many others apart from rose . These members of the same class are co-hyponyms (并列下义词) .
四．Hyponymy (上下义关系)
It’s the sense of relation between a more general or more inclusive word and a more specific word . It’s the relationship where the meaning of one word is included in the meaning of another word . 五．Homonymy (同音异义)：
It refers to the words having different meanings ,have the same form . Different words are identical in sound or spelling or in both . 六．Componential analysis : (成分)
Componential analysis is a way to analyse lexical meaning . This approach is based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be analysed into meaning components called semantic components or semantic features .
七．Predication (述谓构成) ：
Predication refers to the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence . A prediction consists of Argument and Predicate . An argument is a logical participant in a predication , largely identical with the nominal elements in a sentence . A predicate is something said about an argument , or it states the logical relation linking the arguments in a sentence .
八. Locutionary act (发话行为) :
an act of saying something that’s an act of making a meaningful utterance .
九．Illocutionary act (行事行为)：
An act performed in saying something , that’s in saying X I was doing Y .
十．Perlocutionary act (取效行为)：
An act performed as a result of saying X and doing Y I did Z . 十一．5 basic types of speech acts : 1. Representatives(陈述) :
The illocutionary act of representatives is to commit the speaker to the truth of something . 2. Directives (指令) ：
The illocutionary act of directives is to get the speaker to do something . 3. Commssives(许诺)：
The illocutionary act of commssives is to commit the speaker to some future action .
4. Expressives (表情) ：
The illocutionary act of expressives is to express the psychological state about something . 5. Declaratives (声明) ：
The illocutionary act of declaratives is to bring about immediate change of existing state of affairs .
十二．Sociolinguistics
It’s a branch of macrolinguistics which studys the relationship between the language and society .