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strongly motivated and they are ready to set new goals and make continuous efforts. 6(b). What's the difference between scientists and scholars in humanities?
According to Wilson,their research is of different nature: for scholars in the humanities the most valuable work is interpreting and explaining the existing factual knowledge while for scientists original discovery is everything.
7. Can scientists be defined as a social group with a set of beliefs, characters and motivations peculiar to them?
No,they can't. No particular beliefs,characters and motivations can be identified as the defining features. (See Para. 9-11)
8(a).In what sense is scientific research an art?
There is no limitation on how to make a discovery. Scientists enjoy the freedom of applying different thinking skills and styles just like an artist.
8(b).What scientists should do in order to be highly successful?
A scientist who wants to achieve great success should not be afraid of trying new research areas where no previous research can be referred to and he has to decide everything by himself in the exploration.
8(c).According to the author, what intelligence level does normal science require? Why? The author mentions it as optimum intelligence: On the one hand he should have the adequate intelligence which allows him to do some basic scientific research; on the other, his intelligence level should not be above the one for normal science, otherwise, he would find the mediocre work intolerably boring.
9(a).What advice does the author give to the novice scientists?
The author gives a lot of advice in the last paragraph. It's mainly about how to do scientific research and how to make your work known to and accepted by other scientists.
9(b).Suppose you have the plan to pursue academic study, what difficulties do you think you would have?(Open.)
10. Paraphrase the following figurative sentences:
a. Science is the sword in the stone that humanity finally pulled.
Science is the tool that the human race finally possesses. It has great potentials and is believed to empower and benefit mankind.
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b. They spread out like foragers on a picket line, each alone or in small groups probing a carefully chosen, narrow sector.
Similar to those who scatter around the rope along which horses are tied and begin to search widely for food or provisions, scientists,with particular research tasks in their minds, either working individually or cooperating with others,are desperate to make discoveries.
c. They are fellow prospectors pressing deeper into an abstracted world, content most of the time to pick up an occasional nugget but dreaming of the mother lode.
Like those who work together to search for minerals, they push themselves forward and explore deeply into their research areas. They feel satisfied whenever there is a clue to their research, but they would not stop moving forward until real breakthroughs are made. d. Some are as stolid as tax accounts in April.
Just like the tax accounts taxpayers generally receive in April, some scientists are not very easily aroused or excited. They tend to act in a businesslike way.
e. To be highly successful the scientist must be confident enough to steer for blue water, abandoning sight of land for a while.
A scientist who wants to achieve great success should have trust in his own abilities and be keen on doing pioneering work which is full of risks and uncertainties, without any help from previous research.
Vocabulary and structure
A
1) diagnostic 2) at most 3) spreading out4) elitists 5) driven 6) set foot on 7) at large8) utilitarian 9) for its own sake 10) ethos B
1) sift 2) Admittedly3) diagnostic 4) counseled 5) notwithstanding
6) steer 7) probed 8) presumptuous 9) strewn with 10) follows up C
1) ambition, objective, success, goal, victory 2) treasure, collector, critic, gallery, work 3) acquire, apply, broaden, extend, improve 4) experimental, natural, medical, behavioral, social
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5) symmetry, parasite, pregnancy, science, gene
6) presumptuous, gregarious, generous, courageous, ferocious 7) productive, reclusive, compulsive, decisive, exclusive 8) marine, merge, oceanic, soil, plot, division
SPEAKING: OPEN
TRANSLATION A
1、 我没有得到这样一个机会。 2、 他并不愚笨，仅仅是无知而已。 3、 如果他不通知我，我就不去。 4、 他无权签订这种合同。
5、 虽然他一再解释，疑团仍然存在。
6、 他这个人优柔寡断，而且总是反复无常。 7、 今天下午学生统统要交作业。
8、它的意义和重要性，不管怎样强调，也不算过分。 9、她有礼貌地默认了她显然不懂得的事情。
10、威尔先生是个矮小、骨瘦如柴的人，黑头发、灰眼睛，脸上总挂着一丝微笑，谁都知道这笑容是伪装的。
B 见课文译文
UNIT SIX ANTHROPOLOGISTS ON THE FRONT LINES
Reading comprehension
1. Some anthropologists were criticized for their involvement in military actions. 2. Because CIA wants them to collaborate with the U.S. government’s war on terror. The role social scientists play in the war is too early to assess though some reports show they succeeded in reducing attacks from the Taliban.
3. Montgomery McFate is a navy anthropologist. She is an advocate of the collaboration. Roberto Gonzalez is an associate professor of anthropology at San Jose State University and leading member of the Network of Concerned Anthropologists. He think in this kind of collaboration anthropology will become just another weapon. 4. ―Subject‖ means a person who is subjected to experimental or other observational procedures; ―fervent petitioning‖ refers to the earnest and formal request AAA received from some of its members to ban the involvement in the collaboration. 5. They find it difficult to be loyal to two communities.
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6. Because civilian anthropologists have experienced ethical dilemmas, they would not fully cooperate in military actions. Washington needs social scientists trained in the agency’s own unique culture. But David Price argues that social scientists thinking in an agency-like way would not be as helpful as civilian anthropologists.
7. First, it’s difficult to build a military education system to train experts in the social sciences. Second, it takes longer to train them when compared to training general officers.
8. The Administration did not take the experts’ advice very seriously.
Vocabulary and structure A.
1. expel 2. full-fledged 3. fared 4. Colossal 5. Compromised 6. voluntary 7. anonymity 8. in-house 9. self-sufficient 10. besotted B.
1. pilot 2. unwittingly 3. ad hoc 4. smack of 5. spike 6. soak up 7. certify 8. qualms 9. downright 10. outreach C.
1. atheist 2. lyrics 3. colloquialism 4. counterpart 5. anti-heroine 6. self-regulation 7. undermine 8. Pentagon 9. pitfall 10. general
SPEAKING: OPEN
TRANSLATION A
1他父亲在意大利北部近海的比萨做小生意。
2 谈判时，我会感到紧张。一紧张，我就吃东西。
3 由于受季风影响，夏威夷一年四季如春。夏天到冬天昼夜温差很小。 4 八月中旬,修理组人员在骄阳下工作。 5 他发现自己在竭力抑制损伤灵魂的苦涩。
6 我把椅子挪过去坐下，开始两脚分开，但我突然觉得这样显得不尊重，太不拘礼节，便把两膝并拢，把双手随便地放在膝盖上。
B 见译文部分。
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